Heart Rate Predicts the Risk of New-Onset Peripheral Arterial Disease in a Community-Based Population in China

Figures & data

Figure 1 The schematic diagram of recruitment and excluding procedure.

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of All Eligible Participants

Variable	Total	HR<80bpm	HR≥80bpm	P
N	3463	2079	1384
Heart rate, bpm	78.15 ± 11.26	70.96 ± 6.11	88.95 ± 8.16	<0.001
Age, years	56.67 ± 8.54	56.43 ± 8.26	57.04 ± 8.93	0.039
Male, n (%)	1251 (36.12%)	766 (36.84%)	485 (35.04%)	0.280
BMI, kg/m^2	26.00 ± 3.33	25.86 ± 3.18	26.22 ± 3.52	0.002
Current smoking, n (%)	643 (18.57%)	416 (20.01%)	227 (16.40%)	0.007
Current drinking, n (%)	802 (23.16%)	508 (24.43%)	294 (21.24%)	0.029
ABI	1.11 ± 0.08	1.12 ± 0.08	1.10 ± 0.08	<0.001

Note: Data presented as percentage for dichotomous variables and as means ± standard deviations for continuous variables.

Abbreviations: ABI, ankle–brachial index; BMI, body mass index; HR, heart rate.

Table 2 Baseline Prevalence of Disease of All Eligible Participants

Variable	Total	HR<80bpm	HR≥80bpm	P
Prevalence of disease, n (%)
Hypertension	1685(48.66%)	979 (47.09%)	706 (51.01%)	0.024
Diabetes mellites	822 (23.74%)	446 (21.45%)	376 (27.17%)	<0.001
Dyslipidemia	2482 (71.67%)	1462 (70.32%)	1020 (73.70%)	0.031
CVD	421 (12.16%)	256 (12.31%)	165 (11.92%)	0.730
Medication, n (%)
Antihypertensive agents	1066 (30.78%)	645 (31.02%)	421 (30.42%)	0.705
Hypoglycemic agents	347 (10.02%)	202(9.72%)	145 (10.48%)	0.465
Lipid-lowering agents	356 (10.28%)	210 (10.10%)	146 (10.55%)	0.671

Note: Data presented as percentage for dichotomous variables.

Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; HR, heart rate.

Table 3 Baseline Laboratory Variable of All Eligible Participants

Laboratory Variable	Total	HR<80bpm	HR≥80bpm	P
TC, mmol/L	5.31 ± 1.00	5.29 ± 1.01	5.33 ± 1.00	0.283
TG, mmol/L	1.30 (0.92–1.87)	1.26(0.89–1.81)	1.37(0.96–1.97)	<0.001
HDL-C, mmol/L	1.44 ± 0.38	1.44 ± 0.37	1.43 ± 0.39	0.206
LDL-C, mmol/L	3.24 ± 0.84	3.24 ± 0.84	3.23 ± 0.85	0.806
FBG, mmol/	6.16 ± 1.76	6.00 ± 1.51	6.35 ± 1.95	<0.001
OGTT, mmol/	8.55 ± 4.05	8.15 ± 3.73	9.10 ± 4.30	<0.001

Note: Data presented as means ± standard deviations for continuous variables with the exception of TG which presented as median (interquartile range).

Abbreviations: TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FBG, fasting blood glucose; OGTT, a standard 75 g oral glucose tolerance test; HR, heart rate.

Figure 2 Smoothing curve of the risk of new-onset PAD by heart rate. Line B represents the smoothing curve for the association of heart rate and new-onset PAD. Lines A and C represent the 95% confidence interval for the risk of new-onset PAD. This relationship was adjusted for sex, age, body mass index, baseline ankle–brachial index, current smoking and drinking status, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, and use of antihypertensive agents, lipid-lowering agents, and hypoglycemic agents.

Abbreviations: PAD, peripheral arterial disease; HR, heart rate.

Table 4 Logistic Regression Analysis of the Association of Heart Rate with New-Onset PAD

			Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	N	PAD, n (%)	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P
HR, per 10bpm	3463	103(2.97%)	1.41 (1.20, 1.64)	<0.001	1.20 (1.0, 1.41)	0.026	1.22 (1.03, 1.43)	0.020
HR<80bpm	2079	42(2.02%)	1.0		1.0		1.0
HR≥80bpm	1384	61(4.41%)	2.24 (1.50, 3.33)	<0.001	1.70 (1.12, 2.56)	0.012	1.73 (1.14, 2.63)	0.010

Notes: Model 1: not adjusted; Model 2: adjusted for sex, age, and baseline ankle–brachial index; Model 3: adjusted for sex, age, body mass index, baseline ankle–brachial index, current smoking and drinking status, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, and use of antihypertensive agents, lipid-lowering agents, and hypoglycemic agents.

Abbreviations: PAD, peripheral arterial disease; CI, confidence interval; HR, heart rate; OR, odds ratio.

Figure 3 Subgroup analyses and interaction tests in different populations. The subgroup analyses were adjusted for sex, age, body mass index, baseline ankle–brachial index, current smoking and drinking status, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, and use of antihypertensive agents, lipid-lowering agents, and hypoglycemic agents.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.