Effect of Tricalcium Phosphate on Healing of Non-Unions: An Observational Study of over 400 Non-Unions

Figures & data

Table 1 Lane Sandhu Score

Score	Radiologic Findings
0	No callus
1	Minimal callus
2	Callus evident but healing incomplete
3	Callus evident with stability expected
4	Complete healing with bone remodeling

Notes: Lane Sandhu Score.

Table 2 Distribution (Absolute and in %) of the ASA-Score in the Treated Groups

ASA-Score	TCP + BG	BG	NBG	Total
1	45 (20,1%)	37 (27.0%)	23 (53.5%)	105 (26.0%)
2	133 (59,4%)	79 (57.7%)	15 (34.9%)	227 (56.2%)
3	46 (20,5%)	21 (15.3%)	5 (11.6%)	72 (17.8%)

Notes: Distribution of the ASA-Score in the treated groups.

Figure 1 (A–C) Distribution (absolute) of localizations of non-unions in the treated groups.

Table 3 Distribution (Absolute and in %) of the Lane Sandhu Score After 1 Year in the Treated Group

Lane Sandhu Score	TCP + BG	BG	NBG
0	39 (18.5%)	15 (11.5%)	2 (5.0%)
1	25 (11.8%)	9 (6.9%)	2 (5.0%)
2	59 (28.0%)	31 (23.8%)	7 (17.5%)
3	39 (18.5%)	35 (26.9%)	13 (32.5%)
4	49 (23.2%)	40 (30.8%)	16 (40.0%)
Total	211 (100.0%)	130 (100.0%)	40 (100.0%)

Notes: Lane Sandhu Score after 1 year in the treated group.

Table 4 Distribution (Absolute and in %) of the Stability After 1 Year in the Treated Groups

Stability	TCP + BG	BG	NBG
Not stable	123 (58.3%)	55 (42.3%)	11 (27.5%)
Stable	88 (41.7%)	75 (57.7%)	29 (72.5%)
Total	211 (100.0%)	130 (100.0%)	40 (100.0%)

Notes: Stability after 1 year in the treated groups. Non-union was considered as “stable” for scores superior or equal to 3.

Table 5 Distribution (Absolute and in %) of the Lane Sandhu Score After 2 Years in the Treated Groups

Lane Sandhu Score	TCP + BG	BG	NBG
0	11 (9.1%)	2 (2.8%)	1 (3.1%)
1	7 (5.8%)	1 (1.4%)	1 (3.1%)
2	14 (11.6%)	4 (5.6%)	3 (9.4%)
3	29 (24.0%)	16 (22.5%)	6 (18.8%)
4	60 (49.6%)	48 (67.6%)	21 (65.6%)
Total	121 (100.0%)	71 (100.0%)	32 (100.0%)

Notes: Lane Sandhu Score after 2 years in the treated groups.

Table 6 Distribution (Absolute and in %) of the Stability After 2 Years in the Treated Groups

Stability	TCP + BG	BG	NBG
Not stable	32 (26.4%)	7 (9.9%)	5 (15.6%)
Stable	89 (73.6%)	64 (90.1%)	27 (84.4%)
Total	121 (100.0%)	71 (100.0%)	32 (100.0%)

Notes: Stability after 2 years in the treated groups. Non-union was considered as “stable” for scores superior or equal to 3.

Table 7 Binomial Regression Results for the Effect of Patient-Individual Factors/Secondary Parameters After 1 Year

Patient-Individual Factors/Secondary Parameters	p-value	Odds Ratio [95% CI]
Comorbidities	0.007*	0.479 [0.280, 0.818]
Presence of infection	0.061	0.658 [0.424, 1.020]
Smoking	0.024*	0.574 [0.355, 0.929]
Length of treatment	0.011*	0.931 [0.881, 0.984]
Age at revision surgery	0.005*	0.977 [0.961, 0.993]

Notes: Binomial regression results for the effect of patient-individual factors/secondary parameters after 1 year. Asterisk depicts significant differences (*p ≤ 0.05).

Table 8 Binomial Regression Results for the Effect of Patient-Individual Factors/Secondary Parameters After 2 Years

Patient-Individual Factors/Secondary Parameters	p-value	Odds Ratio [95% CI]
Comorbidities	0.352	0.654 [0.267, 1.601]
Presence of infection	0.091	0.547 [0.272, 1.100]
Smoking	0.175	0.595 [0.281, 1.260]
Length of treatment	0.006*	0.884 [0.810, 0.965]
Age at revision surgery	0.160	0.982 [0.958, 1.007]

Notes: Binomial regression results for the effect of patient-individual factors/secondary parameters after 2 years. Asterisk depicts significant differences (*p ≤ 0.05).