Epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis: past, present, and future prospects

Figures & data

Figure 1 Global distribution of Japanese encephalitis (JE) infection countries and risk areas.

Notes: ■Japanese encephalitis risk countries that the epidemiological pattern of JE is epidemic; ■Japanese encephalitis risk countries that the epidemiological pattern of JE is endemic.

Table 1 The information of JE and JEV in the epidemic and/or endemic countries or area

No	Country and regions	Existed of JE	Surveillance	JE age characteristics	Epidemic season	JE outbreak	Estimated JE incidence	Virus isolation year	Vector	JEV genotype	Sort of vaccine	Reference
1	Australia*	1995	National	Teenage and adult	April	2 in 1995/2 in 1998	<3 cases	1995	Mosq./H-S	G1, 2	MBDV	^Citation8^–^Citation17
2	Bangladesh	1977	Hospital-based (4 sites/2 years)	2/3 patients <15 years old	May to Dec/pick in Oct	22 patients with 7 died in 1977	0.6–2.7/100,000	–	–	–		^Citation18^–^Citation20
3	Bhutan	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–		–
4	Brunei Darussalam	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–		–
5	Burma (Myanmar)	1968	National	83.3% <20 years old	July to Oct	5 cases (4 deaths) in 1947 and 43 cases (32 deaths) in 1948	–	–	–	–		^Citation21,Citation22
6	Cambodia	1965	Hospital-based (6 sites/2 years)	92% <12 years old	Year-round; no prominent seasonal peak	–	11.1/100,000 in under 15 years old	1965	Mosq.	–	LAV-SA 14-14-2	^Citation23^–^Citation28
7	People’s Republic of China	1940s	National	Mainly children; adults in some outbreak	May to Oct/pick in July and Aug	Mainly in 1960–1970 the morbidity higher than 10/100,000	0.1–0.9/100,000	1949	Mosq., midge, pig, bat and H-S, H-CSF, H-B	G1, 3, 5	VCDV-P3, LAV-SA 14-14-2	^Citation29^–^Citation37
8	Taiwan	1938	All area	20–70 years old	May to Oct/pick in July and Aug	Mainly in 1960–1970 the morbidity nearly 12.4/100,000	0.03/100,000 <35 cases annually	1962	Mosq.	G1, 3	MBDV	^Citation38^–^Citation47
9	Guam	1947	–	–	–	46 reported JE cases	–	–	–	–		^Citation48^–^Citation50
10	India	1950s	Hospital-based	Mainly children	July to Oct in north/year-round in south	5,700 cases and 1,315 deaths in 2005	15/100,000 in 5–9 years	1973	Mosq., horse, H-CSF	G1, 3	LAV-SA 14-14-2	^Citation51^–^Citation73
11	Indonesia	1974	Hospital-based (15 sites/2 years)	95% <15 years old	Year-round	No	8.2/100,000 in under 10 years old	1972	Mosq.	G1, 2, 4		^Citation74^–^Citation78
12	Japan	1933	National	>40 years old	July to Oct	Mainly before 1960	<10 cases	1935	Mosq., H-CSF	G1, 3	VCDV-Beijing-1	^Citation79^–^Citation94
13	Laos	1989	Hospital-based (1 site/8 years)	More than 50% <15 years old	–	–	–	2009	CSF	G1		^Citation95^–^Citation99
14	Malaysia	1952	National	Mainly children	Year-round	154 cases and 42 deaths in 1999	4.3/100,000 <12 years old	1952	Mosq., H-B	G2, 4	MBDV	^Citation6,Citation100^–^Citation104
15	Nepal	1978	Hospital-based	Mainly children	July to Oct	2,040 cases and 205 deaths in 2005	1.3/100,000	1978	Mosq.	G1, 3	LAV-SA 14-14-2	^Citation105^–^Citation114
16	North Korea	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
17	Pakistan	Early of 1980s	None	–	–	–	–	–	–	–		^Citation2,Citation115,Citation116
18	Papua New Guinea	1995	Sentinel	–	–	–	–	1997	Mosq.	G2		^Citation15,Citation117,Citation118
19	Philippines	Early of 1950s	Hospital-based (1 site/3 years)	72.9% <17 years old	Year-round	No	–	1977	Mosq.	G3		^Citation119^–^Citation121
20	Russia†	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	Bird/human	–		^Citation122,Citation123
21	Saipan	1990	–	–	–	10 cases (3 lab confirmed, 7 suspected) in 1990	–	No	–	–		^Citation124,Citation125
22	Singapore	1952	National	Mainly children	–	–	<5 cases	1952	Human	G3		^Citation1,Citation126^–^Citation129
23	South Korea	1946	National	40–49 years old	Aug	Mainly before 1960	0.013–0.055/100,000 <10 cases annually	1946	Mosq.	G1, 3, 5	MBDV	^Citation6,Citation130^–^Citation137
24	Sri Lanka	1968	National	All age	Nov to Dec	3 times	<100 cases	1974	Human	G3		^Citation6,Citation138^–^Citation140
25	Thailand	1961	National	<15 years old	May to July in north/Year-round in south	In north	About 300 cases annually reported	1964	Mosq., pig, H-CSF	G1, 3	MBDV	^Citation141^–^Citation144
26	Timor-Leste	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
27	Vietnam	1960	National	<15 years old	May to July in north/Year-round in south	In north	1–8/100,000	1951	Mosq.	G1, 3	MBDV	^Citation145^–^Citation147

Note:

* The JE epidemic in limited area focus on the Torres Strait Islands.

† The JE epidemic in limited area focus on the Siberia.

Abbreviations: JE, Japanese encephalitis; JEV: Japanese encephalitis virus; mosq., mosquitoes; H-S, human serum; H-CSF, human cerebrospinal fluid; H-B, human brain tissue; lab, laboratory; MBDV, inactivated mouse brain-derived JE vaccine; VCDV-P3, inactivated Vero cell culture-derived P3 JE vaccine; VCDV-Beijing-1, inactivated Vero cell culture-derived Beijing-1 JE vaccine; LAV-SA 14-14-2, live attenuated SA 14-14-2 JE vaccine.

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