Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor encephalitis: diagnosis, optimal management, and challenges

Figures & data

Table 1 DSM-5 criteria for catatonia requires the presence of three or more of the following

Catalepsy (ie, passive induction of a posture held against gravity)

Waxy flexibility (ie, slight and even resistance to positioning by examiner)

Stupor (no psychomotor activity, not actively relating to environment)

Agitation, (ie, not influenced by external stimuli)

Mutism (ie, no or very little verbal response)

Negativism (ie, opposing or not responding to instructions or external stimuli)

Posturing (ie, spontaneous and active maintenance of a posture against gravity)

Stereotypes (ie, repetitive, abnormally frequent, non-goal-directed movements)

Grimacing

Echolalia (ie, mimicking another’s speech)

Echopraxia (ie, mimicking another’s movements)

Abbreviation: DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.