Efficacy of tramadol as a preincisional infiltration anesthetic in children undergoing inguinal hernia repair: a prospective randomized study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Faces Pain Scale-Revised.

Notes: Hicks CL, von Baeyer CL, Spafford PA, van Korlaar I, Goodenough B. The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement. Pain. 2001;93(2):173–183.¹² This Faces Pain Scale-Revised has been reproduced with permission of the International Association for the Study of Pain^® (IASP). The figure may NOT be reproduced for any other purpose without permission.

Table 1 Pain/discomfort Scale

Observation	Criteria	Points
Blood Pressure	±10% preop	0
	>20% preop	1
	>30% preop	2
Crying	Not crying	0
	Crying but responds to tender loving care (TLC)	1
	Crying and does not respond to TLC	2
Movement	None	0
	Restless	1
	Thrashing	2
Agitation	Patient asleep or calm	0
	Mild	1
	Hysterical	2
Posture	No special posture	0
	Flexing legs and thighs	1
	Holding scrotum or groin	2
Complaints of pain (where appropriate by age)	Asleep, or states no pain	0
	Cannot localize	1
	Can localize	2

Note: Reprinted from Hannallah RS, Broadman LM, Belman AB, et al. Comparison of caudal and ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve blocks for control of post-orchiopexy pain in pediatric ambulatory surgery. Anesthesiology. 1987;66(6):832–834.¹¹ Promotional and commercial use of the material in print, digital or mobile device format is prohibited without the permission from the publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Please contact [e-mail] for further information.

Table 2 Patients characteristics and operation time

	Group T	Group B	P
Sex (female/male) (n)	6/20	6/20	0.9999
Body weight (kg)	21.0±8.6	19.0±5.9	0.526
Age (year)	4.9±3.1	5.2±2.5	0.371
Operation time (minutes)	39.7±7.5	43.7±14.1	0.557

Notes: Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Group T: tramadol group, Group B: bupivacaine group.

Abbreviation: SEM, standard error of the mean.

Figure 2 Pain/discomfort Scale¹¹ of the two groups (bupivacaine versus tramadol) during the first 30 minutes after the operation.

Abbreviation: PDS, pain/discomfort score.

Figure 3 Faces Pain Scales (FPS)¹² of the two groups (bupivacaine versus tramadol) during the first 120 minutes after the operation.

Table 3 Additional analgesic requirement

Number of doses of paracetamol received	Group B n=26	Group T* n=26
0	5	12
1	16	14
2	5	0

Notes: Number of patients receiving 0–2 doses of paracetamol suppository for analgesia during the first 24 hours after surgery.

* P=0.018.

Abbreviations: Group T, tramadol group; Group B, bupivacaine group.

HicksCLvon BaeyerCLSpaffordPAvan KorlaarIGoodenoughBThe Faces Pain Scale-Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurementPain200193217318311427329

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

HannallahRSBroadmanLMBelmanABAbramowitzMDEpsteinBSComparison of caudal and ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve blocks for control of post-orchiopexy pain in pediatric ambulatory surgeryAnesthesiology19876668328342884900

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar