The role of SDF-1/CXCR4 in the vasculogenesis and remodeling of cerebral arteriovenous malformation

Figures & data

Figure 1 SDF-1α and CXCR4 expression in AVM lesions.

Notes: (A) IHC staining of SDF-1α, ×200. (B) CXCR4 IHC staining image, ×200. (C) Double immunofluorescence images of CXCR4 (red) and CD45 (green). Scale bar =20 μm. The white box is magnified in the right panel. (D) Double staining of CD133 (left, green) and CD34 (middle, red). Scale bar =50 μm.
Abbreviations: IHC, immunohistochemistry; AVM, arteriovenous malformation; SDF-1, stromal cell-derived factor-1.

Figure 2 EPCs from peripheral blood.

Notes: This figure showed flow cytometry results of AVM patients (A); in controls (B). Left panels, raw images; middle panels, CD133⁺/CD34⁺ double-positive cells (upper right quadrant); and right panels, CD133⁺/CD34⁺/KDR⁺ triple-positive cells (upper right quadrant).
Abbreviations: EPCs, endothelial progenitor cells; AVM, arteriovenous malformation.

Figure 3 CD45⁺ expression in chronic hypoperfusion mice.

Notes: (A) Control; (B) 24 hours after surgery; (C) 7 days; (D) 42 days; and (E) 90 days after surgery. Magnification: ×400.

Table 1 Microvessel density (/mm²) between sham and model animals

	Sham	Model	t	P-value
24 h	56.17±8.06	65.64±8.57	1.974	0.077
7 d	55.13±12.59	92.67±11.12	5.472	0.000
42 d	59.92±7.55	144.66±14.87	12.488	0.000
90 d	54.88±11.93	143.78±15.33	11.207	0.000

Note: Data are represented as mean ± standard deviation.

Abbreviations: h, hours; d, days.

Table 2 SUV_max value of left MCA cortex in control group and model groups

Normal	Model				F	P-value
	24 h	7 d	42 d	90 d
2.11+0.122.69+0.17a		1.27+0.13a,b	1.74+0.16a,b	1.93+0.17b–d	104.440.00

Notes:

Data are represented as mean ± standard deviation.

a P<0.05 compared to control;

b P<0.05 compared to those at 24 h;

c P<0.05 compared to those at 7 d;

d P<0.05 compared to those at 42 d.

Abbreviations: h, hours; d, days; SUV_max, maximum standardized uptake value; MCA, middle cerebral artery.

Table 3 Serum SDF-1α levels (pg/mL)

	Sham	Model	t	P
24 h	397.7±27.9	450.3±40.4	2.624	0.025
7 d	406.2±32.3	603.7±63.6	6.781	0.000
42 d	406.5±40.0	564.8±36.4	7.259	0.000
90 d	387.0±51.9	481.8±35.5	3.699	0.004

Note: Data are represented as mean ± standard deviation.

Abbreviations: SDF-1, stromal cell-derived factor-1; h, hours; d, days.

Figure 4 CD45/CXCR4 coexpression in AMD3100-treated mice.

Notes: (A) This figure shows representative double-immunofluorescence staining of CD45 (green) and CXCR4 (red) in AVM tissues. (B) This shows the quantified results of double-positive cells across control, AMD3100-, and saline-treated animals.
Abbreviation: AVM, arteriovenous malformation.

Figure 5 MMP-9 expression in AMD3100-treated mice.

Notes: (A) Western blotting bands. (B) Quantified results (in optical density) showing MMP-9 protein levels in control, AMD3100-, and saline-treated animals. *P<0.05 compared to the normal ones.