Scaling and root planning, and locally delivered minocycline reduces the load of Prevotella intermedia in an interdependent pattern, correlating with symptomatic improvements of chronic periodontitis: a short-term randomized clinical trial

Figures & data

Figure 1 CONSORT flow chart of the study.

Abbreviations: CONSORT, Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials; MO, minocycline; SRP, scaling and root planning.

Table 1 PCR primer sequences for four main periodontal pathogens

Bacteria	Reference	Primers (F = forward; R = reverse)
Aa	^Citation41	F: 5′-CTTACCTACTCTTGACATCCGAA-3′;
		R: 5′-ATGCAGCACCTGTCTCAAAGC-3′
Fn	^Citation24	F: 5′-CGCAGAAGGTGAAAGTCCTGTAT-3′;
		R: 5′-TGGTCCTCACTGATTCACACAGA-3′
Pg	^Citation49	F: 5′-AGGCAGCTTGCCATACTGCG-3′;
		R: 5′-ACTGTTAGCAACTACCGATGT-3′
Pi	^Citation50	F: 5′-CGTGGACCAAAGATTCATCGGTGGA-3′;
		R: 5′-CCGCTTTACTCCCCAACAAA-3′
Universal	^Citation51	F: 5′-TCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAGT-3′
		R: 5′-GGACTACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTT-3′

Abbreviations: Aa, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Fn, Fusobacterium nucleatum; Pg, Porphyromonas gingivalis; Pi, Prevotella intermedia.

Table 2 Distribution of demographic characteristics, clinical parameters, and bacteria gene load among the three groups before treatment

	MO (N=26)	SRP (N=21)	SRP + MO (N=23)
Demographic characteristics
Age (years)	50±13	47±15	49±11
Sex
Female	9 (34.6%)	13 (61.9%)	12 (52.2%)
Smoking history
Yes	8 (30.8%)	6 (28.6%)	7 (30.4%)
Clinical parameters
PD	4.81±0.99	4.34±0.57	4.5±0.53
SBI	1.23±0.70	1.42±0.55	1.59±0.65
Gene load of bacteria (Log10)
Aa	4.32±1.67	5.55±0.59	4.77±0.86
Fn	6.37±0.43	6.77±0.39	6.72±0.42
Pg	6.72±1.73	7.11±1.77	7.13±1.78
Pi	4.58±1.16	4.98±0.72	4.77±0.92

Note: All the parameters (PD, SBI, Aa, Fn, Pg, and Pi) showed no significant difference among the three groups (MO, SRP, and SRP + MO). Data are presented as mean ± SD.

Abbreviations: PD, pocket depth; SBI, sulcus bleeding index; MO, minocycline; SRP, scaling and root planning; Aa, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Fn, Fusobacterium nucleatum; Pg, Porphyromonas gingivalis; Pi, Prevotella intermedia.

Figure 2 The efficacy of three treatments (locally delivered 2% minocycline [MO], scaling and root planning [SRP], and their combinatory treatment [SRP + MO]) in improving the clinical symptoms ([A] pocket depth [PD]; and [B] sulcus bleeding index [SBI]) and reducing the gene loads of four main periodontal pathogens ([C] Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans [Aa]; [D] Fusobacterium nucleatum [Fn]; [E] Porphyromonas gingivalis [Pg]; and [F] Prevotella intermedia [Pi]) for the patients with chronic periodontitis.

Notes: ^#P<0.05; ^##P<0.01; ^###P<0.001 to indicate the changes of clinical parameters or microbial gene load before and 7 days after treatment with a paired t-test; *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001 to indicate the efficacy among the three treatments using one-way analysis of variance.

Table 3 Correlation of the reduction of clinical parameters (pocket depth [PD] and sulcus bleeding index [SBI]) for all the cases (data from the three groups were combined) with the reduction of gene load of four main periodontal bacteria

	The reduction of bacteria gene load
	Aa	Fn	Pg	Pi	Total
The reduction of clinical parameters
PD
r	−0.04	0.09	0.14	0.26	0.25
P-value	0.750	0.501	0.265	0.042*	0.049*
SBI
r	0.13	0.18	0.07	0.10	0.19
P-value	0.319	0.156	0.591	0.458	0.125

Note:

* P<0.05.

Abbreviations: Aa, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Fn, Fusobacterium nucleatum; Pg, Porphyromonas gingivalis; Pi, Prevotella intermedia.

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