Figures & data
Figure 1 Mechanism of action of LCZ696.
Notes: LCZ696 is composed of valsartan (an angiotensin receptor blocker) and sacubitril (a neprilysin inhibitor). Valsartan prevents the binding of angiotensin II to the angiotensin receptor and results in vasodilation, decreased sympathetic tone, and decreased levels of aldosterone. Inhibition of neprilysin by sacubitril prevents the breakdown of both ANP and BNP, resulting in vasodilation, diuresis, natriuresis, and reduced aldosterone levels. Reprinted from JACC: Heart failure; 2(6). Vardeny O, Miller R, Solomon SD. Combined neprilysin and renin-angiotensin system inhibition for the treatment of heart failure. 663–670. Copyright © 2014 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. With permission from Elsevier.Citation13
Abbreviations: ANP, atrial natriuretic peptide; AT1, angiotensin 1; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; CNP, c-type natriuretic peptide; NT, N-terminal.
Abbreviations: ANP, atrial natriuretic peptide; AT1, angiotensin 1; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; CNP, c-type natriuretic peptide; NT, N-terminal.
Figure 2 Kaplan–Meier curves for key study outcomes in the PARADIGM-HF trial.
Notes: (A) Primary end point. (B) Death from cardiovascular causes. (C) Hospitalization for heart failure. (D) Death from any causes. From New England Journal of Medicine. McMurray JJ, Packer M, Desai AS, et al. Angiotensin-Neprilysin Inhibition versus Enalapril in Heart Failure. 371(11):993–1004. Copyright © 2014 Massachusetts Medical Society. Reprinted with permission from Massachusetts Medical Society.Citation18
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; PARADIGM-HF, Prospective Comparison of ARNI with an Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and Morbidity in Heart Failure.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; PARADIGM-HF, Prospective Comparison of ARNI with an Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and Morbidity in Heart Failure.
Figure 3 Mechanism of tachycardia and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
Notes: The cause of increased morbidity and mortality with tachycardia in cardiovascular disease is multifactorial. Reprinted from JACC: Heart Failure. 1(6). Metra M. Tachycardia after a heart failure hospitalization: another piece of the puzzle? 497–499. © 2013 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. With permission from American College of Cardiology Foundation.Citation56
Figure 4 CardioMems device.
Notes: The CardioMems system consists of three entities: (A) a PA sensor used to measure the PA diastolic pressure, (B) a home electronics system which both powers the PA sensor and transmits information to the third part, and (C) a centralized database accessible to a health care provider. Figure A reprinted from Heart Lung Circulation; 21(6–7). Crozier I, Smith W. Modern device technologies. 320–327. Copyright © 2011 Australian and New Zealand Society of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgeons (ANZSCTS) and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand (CSANZ), with permission from ANZSCTS and CSANZ.Citation57 Figure B – CardioMems™ hospital electronics system: CardioMems and St. Jude Medical are trademarks of St. Jude Medical, LLC or its related companies. Reproduced with permission of St. Jude Medical, ©2017. All rights reserved. Figure C reprinted from Shavelle D, Jermyn R. The CardioMEMS heart failure sensor: a procedural guide for implanting physicians. The Journal of Invasive Cardiology. 2016;28(7):273–279.Citation58
Abbreviation: PA, pulmonary artery.
Abbreviation: PA, pulmonary artery.
Figure 5 Impact of CardioMems on heart failure readmissions.
Notes: Kaplan–Meier curve for heart failure-related hospitalization. Reprinted from The Lancet; 377(9766). Abraham WT, Adamson PB, Bourge RC, et al. Wireless pulmonary artery haemodynamic monitoring in chronic heart failure: a randomised controlled trial. 658–666. Copyright 2011. With permission from Elsevier.Citation40
Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.
Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.
Figure 6 HeartMate 3 Full MagLev™ internal pump design.
Notes: Reprinted from Journal of the American College of Cardiology; 66(23). Netuka I, Sood P, Pya Y, et al. Fully Magnetically Levitated Left Ventricular Assist System for Treating Advanced HF: A Multicenter Study. 2579–2589. Copyright © 2015 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. With permission of Elsevier.Citation52
