Association between perceived lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease and calculated risk in a male population in Brazil

Figures & data

Figure 1 Graphical representation of (A) perceived stress, (B) perceived health status, and (C) perceived heart attack risk in the study population.

Table 1 Physical characteristics of study population

Characteristics	All participants, n=101
	Mean ± SD	Range
Age (years)	55.35±9.17	40–80
Height (m)	1.71±0.059	1.57–1.92
Weight (kg)	83.72±13.12	60–124
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	28.77±4.51	20–45
Abdominal circumference (cm)	102.92±11.37	81–156
Systolic pressure (mmHg)	144.78±19.63	112–203
Diastolic pressure (mmHg)	84.82±10.54	62–110
Heart rate (bpm)	73.68±10.60	54–104
Waist measurement (cm)	103.04±11.33	81–156
Hip measurement (cm)	105.27±7.42	90–134
Waist:hip ratio	0.97	0.86–1.20

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 Summary of survey data for all participants

Parameters	Low, n (%)	Moderate, n (%)	High, n (%)
Visit to doctor	49 (47.5)	51 (50.5)	1 (1.0)
Exercise	32 (31.7)	68 (67.3)	0
Meat consumption	83 (82.2)	18 (17.8)	0
Junk food consumption	32 (31.7)	68 (67.3)	0
Salt consumption	59 (58.4)	40 (39.6)	0
Soft drinks consumption	28 (27.7)	71 (70.3)	0
Sugar consumption	42 (41.5)	57 (56.4)	0
Coffee consumption	93 (92.1)	7 (6.9)	0
Alcohol consumption	21 (20.8)	79 (78.2)	0
Use of medication	48 (47.5)	51 (50.5)	0
Smoking	13 (12.9)	86 (85.1)	0
Sleep	53 (52.5)	47(46.5)	0
Emotional state	62 (61.4)	36 (35.6)	0

Table 3 Biological characteristics of study population

Characteristics	All participants, n=101
	Mean ± SD	Range
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	241.43±52.77	121–429
High-density lipoprotein (mg/dL)	48.14±14.51	23–83
Low-density lipoprotein (mg/dL)	147.88±49.63	42–361
Glucose (mg/dL)	126.95±53.37	76–425
Prostate-specific antigen (ng/mL)	2.81±11.41	0.079–113.80

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 4 Association of risk factors with Framingham score

Characteristics	Low risk (n=38)	Medium risk (n=43)	High risk (n=9)	P-value
Age (years)	49.75±5.92	59.851±8.72	61.56±5.34	<0.001
Systolic pressure (mmHg)	139.48±18.30	147.45±19.43	155.16±18.70	0.006
Diastolic pressure (mmHg)	83.16±10.62	85.38±10.82	86.56±9.12	0.357
HDL (mg/dL)	48.15±13.04	47.38±15.55	50.81±15.42	0.667
LDL (mg/dL)	138.45±50.93	160.13±55.46	142.56±24.29	0.113
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	236.5±54.63	252.7±57.68	231.88±31.98	0.267
Glucose (mg/dL)	125.73±55.95	116.01±26.44	155.25±26.44	0.059
Weight (kg)	85.63±14.84	81.2±11.78	71.03±9.87	0.261
Height (m)	1.72±0.06	1.70±0.06	1.71±0.06	0.501
BMI (kg/m^2)	26.90±4.05	27.56±3.68	26.61±3.48	0.597
Pulse (bpm)	72.65±10.58	75.75±11.15	71.62±2.53	0.002
PSA (ng/mL)	1.16±1.0	4.64±17.80	2.94±3.88	0.407
Waist (cm)	102.78±11.56	101.45±9.40	108.19±14.47	0.156
Hip (cm)	106±8.02	104.05±6.66	106.81±7.53	0.35
Waist:hip ratio	0.96±0.06	0.97±0.06	1.01±0.07	0.048

Note: Data presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Abbreviations: LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; BMI, body mass index; PSA, prostate-specific antigen.

Table 5 Association of risk factors with perception of overall health

Characteristics	Good health (n=64)	Poor health (n=35)	P-value
Age (years)	55.90±9.13	54.46±9.31	0.466
Systolic (mmHg)	142.52±18.46	148.70±21.18	0.143
Diastolic (mmHg)	83.13±9.87	87.76±11.13	0.04
HDL (mg/dL)	50.82±15.35	43.65±11.88	0.011
LDL (mg/dL)	153.40±49.74	138.62±48.72	0.151
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	243.27±49.10	238.35±59.00	0.671
Glucose (mg/dL)	127.73±53.66	125.62±53.57	0.85
Weight (cm)	81.28±11.44	87.87±14.82	0.023
Height (cm)	1.71±0.06	1.71±0.06	0.82
BMI (kg/m^2)	27.92±4.03	30.21±4.94	0.02
Pulse (bpm)	74.02±10.72	73.11±10.50	0.679
PSA (ng/mL)	1.78±2.09	4.56±18.59	0.242
Waist (cm)	100.95±8.99	106.65±13.93	0.03
Hip (cm)	104.14±6.05	107.22±9.10	0.072
Waist:hip ratio	0.97±0.06	0.99±0.06	0.08

Note: Data presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Abbreviations: LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; BMI, body mass index; PSA, prostate-specific antigen.

Table 6 Association of risk factors with perception of heart attack risk

Characteristics	Low risk (n=72)	Medium risk (n=29)	P-value
Age (years)	55.56±9.91	54.83±7.15	0.682
Systolic (mmHg)	143.76±22.45	147.31±22.45	0.455
Diastolic (mmHg)	84.44±10.18	85.76±11.51	0.31
HDL (mg/dL)	49.83±14.66	44.07±13.50	0.065
LDL (mg/dL)	144.14±44.15	156.90±60.83	0.425
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	237.74±49.13	250.35±60.68	0.327
Glucose (mg/dL)	129.69±56.37	120.24±43.40	0.62
Weight (kg)	82.23±12.02	87.54±15.17	0.069
Height (m)	1.71±0.06	1.69±0.05	0.098
BMI (kg/m^2)	28.04±3.96	30.62±5.31	0.025
Pulse (bpm)	73.0±10.98	75.38±9.55	0.283
PSA (ng/mL)	3.18±13.45	1.92±2.85	0.453
Waist (cm)	101.92±9.65	105.83±9.65	0.19
Hip (cm)	104.92±6.82	106.14±8.81	0.507
Waist:hip ratio	0.97±0.06	0.99±0.06	0.09

Note: Data presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Abbreviations: LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; BMI, body mass index; PSA, prostate-specific antigen.