Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in employable patients after acute coronary event in cardiac rehabilitation

Figures & data

Table 1 Cognitive performance at admission to and discharge from CR

	CI (MoCA < 26)	No CI (MoCA ≥ 26)	Total
Admission to CR, n	182	314
MoCA scores, mean ± SD (range)	22.74 ± 2.32 (12–25)	27.89 ± 1.51 (26–31)	26.00 ± 3.10
Discharge from CR, n	163	333
MoCA scores, mean ± SD (range)	23.06 ± 2.14 (15–25)	28.08 ± 1.41 (26–31)	26.42 ± 2.91

Abbreviations: CR, cardiac rehabilitation; CI, cognitive impairment; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 Patient characteristics: total and by cognitive status at admission to cardiac rehabilitation

Patient characteristics	Total (N = 496)	Normal cognitive function (N = 314)	Cognitive impairment (N = 182)	P-value
Sociodemographic parameters
Age (years)	54.5 ± 6.2	53.9 ± 6.5	55.5 ± 5.5	0.005
Sex				0.298
Women	100 (20.2)	68 (21.7)	32 (17.6)
Men	396 (79.8)	246 (78.3)	150 (82.4)
BMI (kg/m^2)	28.7 ± 5.1	28.6 ± 5.1	29.0 ± 5.2	0.361
Living alone	103 (20.8)	59 (18.8)	44 (24.2)	0.169
Graduation				<0.001
Education < 10 years	78 (15.7)	24 (7.6)	54 (29.7)
Education 10 years	324 (65.3)	216 (68.8)	108 (59.3)
Higher education	94 (19.0)	74 (23.6)	20 (11.0)
Associate degree				0.019
No degree	27 (5.4)	13 (4.1)	14 (7.7)
Vocational education	398 (80.2)	247 (78.7)	151 (83.0)
University degree	71 (14.3)	54 (17.2)	17 (9.3)
Incapacity for work prior to ACS (months)	1.5 ± 3.0	1.3 ± 2.9	1.8 ± 3.4	0.085
Employed prior to ACS	406 (81.9)	267 (85.0)	139 (76.4)	0.021
Heavy work	104 (21.0)	56 (17.8)	48 (26.4)	<0.001
ACS treatment				0.497
PCI	335 (67.5)	213 (67.8)	122 (67.4)
CABG	140 (28.2)	86 (27.4)	54 (29.8)
Conservative procedure	20 (4.0)	15 (4.8)	5 (2.8)
Cardiovascular risk factors
Hypertension	341 (68.8)	219 (69.7)	122 (67.0)	0.547
Diabetes mellitus	109 (22.0)	63 (20.1)	46 (25.3)	0.216
Dyslipidemia	319 (64.3)	194 (61.8)	125 (68.7)	0.145
Smoker/ex-smoker (<12 months)	298 (60.1)	178 (56.7)	120 (65.9)	0.046
Number of risk factors	2.2 ± 0.9	2.1 ± 0.9	2.3 ± 0.9	0.039
Comorbidities
Mental disease	54 (10.9)	28 (8.9)	26 (14.3)	0.073
COPD	37 (7.5)	18 (5.7)	19 (10.4)	0.075
Stroke	17 (3.4)	11 (3.5)	6 (3.3)	1.000
Functional parameters
LVEF	55.2 ± 7.8	55.5 ± 7.8	54.8 ± 8.0	0.365
Reduced LVEF (<45%)	78 (15.7)	45 (14.3)	33 (18.1)	0.306
6-min walking distance (m)	414.2 ± 88.8	421.3 ± 84.3	401.7 ± 95.2	0.021
Exercise capacity (W)a	108.4 ± 36.3	111.8 ± 34.9	102.5 ± 38.0	0.006
Psychological screening (HADS)
Depression	5.3 ± 3.9	5.2 ± 4.0	5.6 ± 3.8	0.328
Anxiety	6.3 ± 4.1	6.4 ±4.0	6.4 ± 4.4	0.686

Notes: Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number of subjects (percentage). HADS scoring for each subscale (anxiety and depression) is as follows: 0–7 = normal, 8–10 = borderline abnormal (borderline case), and 11–21 = abnormal (case).

a In exercise stress test electrocardiogram.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; ACS, acute coronary syndrome; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.