Prognostic value of changes in arterial stiffness in men with coronary artery disease

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of studied population (n = 161)

Age, years (mean ± SD)	56.8 ± 10.9
Patients with a previous MI (%)	101 (62.7%)
Patients with angina pectoris (%)	113 (70.2%)
Patients with hypertension (%)	113 (70.2%)
Current smokers (%)	48 (29.8%)
Patients with DM (%)	20 (12.4%)
Medication
Acetylsalicylic acid and/or clopidogrel (%)	141 (87.6%)
Nitrates (%)	27 (16.8%)
β-blockers (%)	132 (82.0%)
Calcium channel blockers (%)	30 (18.6%)
ACEI or ARB (%)	93 (57.8%)
Statins (%)	133 (82.6%)

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; MI, myocardial infarction; DM, diabetes mellitus; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers.

Table 2 Changes in investigating parameters from inclusion until six months of follow-up in entire cohort

	Baseline (mean ± SD)	Six months (mean ± SD)	P-value
PWVba (m/s)	13.60 ± 2.44	13.75 ± 2.27	0.315
SBP (mmHg)	135.2 ± 19.2	135.9 ± 14.9	0.431
DBP (mmHg)	87.4 ± 11.5	86.6 ± 10.2	0.060
PP (mmHg)	48.9 ± 12.0	49.6 ± 11.8	0.152
MAP (mmHg)	103.0 ± 13.4	102.7 ± 12.1	0.088
FBG (mmol/L)	5.98 ± 1.36	5.75 ± 1.00	0.203
TC (mmol/L)	5.07 ± 1.29	5.10 ± 1.14	0.428
TG (mmol/L)	1.33 (0.97; 1.91)*	1.23 (0.94; 181)*	0.139

* Note: TG values are the median (lowest quartile; highest quartile).

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; PWVba, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; PP, pulse pressure; MAP, mean arterial pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; TC, serum total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides.

Table 3 Characteristics of patients in groups with “negative” and “positive” PWVba dynamics for the first six months of observation (n = 161)

	ΔPWVba < 0 (n = 76)	ΔPWVba ≥ 0 (n = 85)	P-value
Patients with history of MACE (%)	6 (7.9%)	24 (28.2%)	0.001
Age (mean years ± SD)	56.9 ± 10.8	56.8 ± 11.0	0.649
Patients with a previous MI (%)	46 (60.5%)	55 (64.7%)	0.626
Patients with hypertension (%)	53 (69.7%)	60 (70.6%)	1.000
Patients with angina pectoris (%)	52 (68.4%)	61 (71.7%)	0.731
Current smokers (%)	23 (30.3%)	25 (29.4%)	1.000
Patients with DM (%)	12 (15.8%)	8 (9.4%)	0.242
SBP (mmHg)	139.1 ± 19.4	133.0 ± 18.8	0.046
DBP (mmHg)	90.0 ± 11.5	85.8 ± 11.8	0.023
MAP (mmHg)	106.4 ± 13.4	101.5 ± 13.4	0.024
BMI (kg/m^2)	27.6 ± 3.6	27.3 ± 4.0	0.538
FBG (mmol/L)	5.95 ±1.36	5.76 ± 0.92	0.320
TC (mmol/L)	5.32 ± 1.39	4.88 ± 1.26	0.042
TG (mmol/L)	1.26 (1.03; 1.77)	1.37 (0.90; 1.35)	0.836
Medication
Acetylsalicylic acid and/or clopidogrel (%)	67 (94.7%)	74 (97.4%)	0.430
Nitrates (%)	11 (15.5%)	16 (21.1%)	0.404
β-blockers (%)	65 (91.6%)	67 (88.2%)	0.591
Calcium channel blockers (%)	11 (15.5%)	19 (25.0%)	0.218
ACEI or ARB (%)	45 (63.2%)	48 (63.2%)	1.000
Statins (%)	60 (84.5%)	73 (96.1%)	0.023

Notes: Values are number of cases (%) or the mean ± standard deviation, except for TG, which is expressed as the median (lowest quartile; highest quartile).

Abbreviations: PWVba, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; SD, standard deviation; MACE, major cardiovascular adverse event; MI, myocardial infarction; DM, diabetes mellitus; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MAP, mean arterial pressure; BMI, body mass index, FBG, fasting blood glucose; TC, serum total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers.

Table 4 Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analyses of MACE (n = 161)

	RR	95% CI	t-value	P-value
Model 1 (P = 0.004)
ΔPWVba (1 = positive/0 = negative) adjusted ΔMAP and age at baseline	4.40	2.03–9.52	3.17	0.002
Model 2 (P = 0.007)
ΔPWVba (1 = positive/0 = negative) adjusted ΔSBP, ΔTC, current smoking, and age at baseline	4.57	2.08–10.06	3.18	0.002
Model 3 (P = 0.005)
ΔPWVba (1 = positive/0 = negative) adjusted ΔSBP, ΔDBP, ΔTC, current smoking and age at baseline, previous MI, DM, ACEI/ARB use	3.99	1.81–8.78	2.90	0.004

Abbreviations: RR, rate ratio; CI, confidence intervals; PWVba, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; MAP, mean arterial pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MI, myocardial infarction; DM, diabetes mellitus; ACEI, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers.

Figure 1 Probability of event-free survival according to ΔPWV. The difference between patients with negative ΔPWV and patients with positive ΔPWV was significant (P = 0.002).