Prevalence and risk factors of peripheral artery disease in black Africans with HIV infection: a cross-sectional hospital-based study

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants by sex

Variable	All (N=144)	Female (n=104)	Male (n=40)	P-value
Age (years)
Age±SD	46±9	45±9	47±9	0.2
20–29	5 (3.5)	4 (3.8)	1 (2.5)
30–39	37 (25.7)	29 (27.9)	8 (20.0)
40–50	53 (36.8)	38 (36.5)	15 (37.5)
51–60	49 (34.0)	33 (31.7)	16 (40.0)	0.6
Marital status (%)
Single	61 (42.4)	43 (41.3)	18 (45.0)
Divorced	8 (5.6)	4 (3.8)	4 (10.0)
Married	48 (33.3)	31 (29.8)	17 (42.5)
Widowed	27 (18.8)	26 (25.0)	1 (2.5)	0.23
Past history
Stroke (%)	4 (2.8)	3 (2.9)	1 (2.5)	0.9
Diabetes mellitus (%)	5 (3.5)	3 (2.9)	2 (5.0)	0.9
CKD (%)	7 (4.9)	4 (3.8)	3 (7.5)	0.6
Smoking (%)	6 (4.2)	0	6 (15.0)	<0.0001
Alcohol (%)	21 (14.6)	11 (10.6)	10 (25.0)	0.053
Sedentary lifestyle (%)	82 (56.9)	66 (63.5)	16 (40.0)	0.018
Family history of CVD (%)	53 (36.8)	38 (36.5)	15 (37.5)	0.9
Bio-clinical parameters
Systolic BP (mmHg)	117±21	116±21	120±23	0.3
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	69±14	69±14	70±15	0.7
Hypertension (%)	29 (20.1)	24 (23.1)	5 (12.5)	0.23
BMI (kg/m^2)	26.5±5.4	26.8±5.5	25.5±5.2	0.195
Obesity (%)	36 (25.0)	33 (31.7)	3 (7.5)	0.005
Abdominal obesity (%)	50 (34.7)	46 (44.2)	4 (10.0)	0.004
Blood glucose (g/L)	0.92±0.13	0.91±0.12	0.95±0.14	0.17
Total cholesterol (g/dL)	1.95±0.48	2.01±0.51	1.84±0.41	0.113
HDL cholesterol (g/dL)	0.58±0.20	0.61±0.20	0.50±0.21	0.016
Triglycerides (g/dL)	0.91±0.42	0.87±0.43	0.97±0.49	0.285
LDL cholesterol (g/dL)	1.17±0.41	1.20±0.44	1.12±0.35	0.391
Lipid disorders (%)	44 (30.6)	29 (27.9)	15 (37.5)	0.3

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HDL, high-density lipoproteins; LDL, low-density lipoproteins.

Table 2 Characteristics of HIV infection in participants

Variable	All (N=144)	Female (n=104)	Male (n=40)	P-value
Time since infection (months)	89±57	93±60	79±48	0.192
On ARV (%)	128 (88.9)	94 (90.4)	34 (85.0)	0.3
Time since ARV (months)	87±59	86±51	89±79	0.804
Nadir CD4+ T lymphocytes (cells/mm^3)	207±155	205±157	211±154	0.860
CD4+ T lymphocytes (cells/mm^3)	451±306	480±313	373±284	0.091
Detectable viral load (%)	78 (54.2)	57 (54.8)	21 (52.5)	0.8
WHO stages III and IV (%)	10 (6.9)	6 (5.8)	4 (10.0)	0.3

Abbreviation: ARV, antiretroviral treatment.

Table 3 Classification of ABI, symptoms and ARV by sex among study participants

Variable	All (N=144)	Female (n=104)	Male (n=40)	P-value
Low ABI (PAD): <0.7–0.9	10 (6.9)	7 (6.7)	3 (7.5)	0.5
Normal ABI: 0.9–1.3	121 (84.0)	89 (85.6)	32 (80.0)	0.8
High ABI >1.3	13 (9.0)	8 (7.7)	5 (12.5)	0.5
Asymptomatic low ABI <0.9	4 (40.0)	2 (28.6)	2 (66.7)	–
Symptomatic low ABI <0.9	6 (60)	5 (71.5)	1 (33.3)	0.6
Untreated with low ABI <0.9	4 (40.0)	3 (42.9)	1 (33.3)	–
Treated with low ABI <0.9	6 (60.0)	4 (57.1)	2 (66.7)	0.6

Abbreviations: ABI, ankle brachial index; ARV, antiretroviral treatment; PAD, peripheral artery disease.

Table 4 Comparison of different variables of study participants according to ABI

Variable	ABI <0.9 n=10	ABI: 0.9–1.3 n=121	ABI >1.3 n=13	P-value
Age (years)	42±11	45±9	54±6	0.002
Female gender (%)	3 (37.5)	32 (26)	5 (38.5)	0.5
Time since infection (years)	62±57	89±57	106±50	0.2
ARV (%)	5 (62.5)	110 (89.4)	13 (100)	0.026
Time since ARV (years)	87±40	87±62	93±39	0.2
Nadir CD4+ T lymphocytes (cells/mm^3)	208±247	212±153	164±117	0.3
CD4+ T lymphocytes (cells/mm^3)	398±259	452±314	463±244	0.3
WHO stages III and IV (%)	3 (37.5)	7 (5.7)	0	0.043
Hypertension (%)	2 (25.0)	22 (17.9)	5 (38.5)	0.2
Obesity (%)	0	34 (27.6)	2 (15.4)	0.15
Metabolic syndrome (%)	1 (12.5)	10 (8.1)	1 (7.7)	0.9
Smoking (%)	0	1 (7.7)	5 (4.1)	0.6
Alcohol (%)	1 (12.5)	3 (23.1)	17 (13.8)	0.6
Sedentary lifestyle (%)	6 (75.0)	5 (38.5)	71 (57.7)	0.2
Lipid disorders (%)	4 (50.0)	37 (30.1)	3 (23.1)	0.4
Total cholesterol (g/dL)	2.25±0.31	1.94±0.48	1.89±0.53	0.5
HDL cholesterol (g/dL)	0.54±0.34	0.58±0.20	0.59±0.20	0.4
Triglycerides (g/dL)	1.10±0.10	0.89±0.45	1.05±0.68	0.2
LDL cholesterol (g/dL)	1.42±0.50	1.16±0.40	1.10±0.40	0.3

Abbreviations: ABI, ankle-brachial index; ARV, antiretroviral treatment; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HDL, high-density lipoproteins; LDL, low-density lipoproteins; PAD, peripheral artery disease.

Table 5 Crude and adjusted ORs of factors associated with PAD

Variable	Univariable		Multivariable
	OR (95% CI)	P-value	aORa (95% CI)	P-value
Age (years)	1.05 (0.98–1.13)	0.14	0.98 (0.91–1.06)	0.62
Female gender	1.12 (0.28–4.58)	0.87	0.66 (0.14–3.1)	0.6
Family history of CVD (%)	1.39 (0.34–5.62)	0.64	1.06 (0.23–4.92)	0.94
Alcohol (%)	1.51 (0.3–7.67)	0.62	0.7 (0.08–6.39)	0.75
Sedentary lifestyle	1.84 (0.45–7.41)	0.39	2.27 (0.43–11.98)	0.33
Lipid disorders	0.64 (0.17–2.35)	0.9	0.69 (0.17–2.75)	0.6
Total cholesterol (g/dL)	0.37 (0.05–2.57)	0.32	3.09 (0.33–29.04)	0.32
HDL cholesterol (g/dL)	5.28 (0.52–53.08)	0.16	0.33 (0.03–3.97)	0.38
Triglycerides (g/dL)	1.36 (0.11–16.75)	0.81	0.54 (0.03–10.33)	0.68
LDL cholesterol (g/dL)	0.69 (0.08–6.01)	0.74	1.43 (0.14–14.71)	0.76
Time since infection (years)	1.01 (0.99–1.02)	0.28	1 (0.98–1.02)	0.8
ARV (%)	0.15 (0.04–0.6)	0.007	0.18 (0.04–0.82)	0.034
Duration on ARV (years)	1 (0.99–1.01)	0.47	1 (0.98–1.01)	0.9
CD4 initial	1 (0.99–1.01)	0.63	1 (0.99–1.008)	0.85
CD4 recent	1 (0.99–1.003)	0.96	1 (0.99–1.002)	0.9
WHO stages III or IV (%)	8.64 (1.78–42.03)	0.008	11.1 (2.19–55.92)	0.004
BMI (kg/m^2)	0.92 (0.83–1.01)	0.08	0.96 (0.81–1.12)	0.58
Obesity (%)	3.18 (0.39–26.0)	0.2	2.61 (0.31–22.1)	0.37
Metabolic syndrome (%)	1.24 (0.11–3.92)	0.84	0.62 (0.06–6.09)	0.68

Note:

a Adjusted for age, sex and ARV treatment.

Abbreviations: ARV, antiretroviral treatment; BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HDL, high-density lipoproteins; LDL, low-density lipoproteins; PAD, peripheral artery disease.

Figure 1 Comparison of ABI between males and females. The midline of the boxes represents the median and the lower and upper margins represent the 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively.

Notes: The lower and upper ends represent the minimum and maximum values, respectively, and the central dot represents the mean. It should be noted that the P-values denote the level of significance between males and females and does not involve the “All”.
Abbreviation: ABI, ankle-brachial index.