Endothelin-1, nitric oxide, serotonin and high blood pressure in male adolescents

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic and laboratory characteristics of study participants

Parameters	Controls (n=60)	Cases			P-values*
		Total (n=60)	PPH (n=33)	PH (n=27)
	A	B	1	2
Male sex number (percentage)	60 (100)	60 (100)	33 (100)	27 (100)	–
Age (years) mean ± SD	15.86±1.21	15.63±1.26	15.72±1.11	16.03±0.6	A-B=0.3099
Height (cm) mean ± SD	172.7±10.8	174.3±11.5	172.3±8.4	176.7±7.9	A-B=0.4337
Weight (kg) mean ± SD	62.8±5.6	64.4±4.7	63.3±4.0	65.8±6.2	A-B=0.0927
BMI mean ± SD	21.06±2.0	21.2±2.1	21.3	21.1	A-B=0.7091
PLTs (×10^3/μL) mean ± SD	286.4±61.3	273.7±54.1	267.6±57	281.2±48.6	A-B=0.2313
SBP (mmHg) mean ± SD	114.1±1.2	134.3±3.4	127.9±3.8	142.1±5.1	A-B <0.0001
DBP (mmHg) mean ± SD	64.4±0.5	85.2±4.5	79.0±4.0	92.8±2.1	A-B <0.0001

Notes: Cases: prehypertensive + hypertensive children. A, controls; B, cases (prehypertensive + hypertensive children); 1, cases with prehypertension; 2, cases with hypertension.

* x–x (eg, A-1): P-value of the differences between the specific group’s means for that parameter.

Abbreviations: PPH, pediatric prehypertension; PH, pediatric hypertension; BMI, body mass index; PLTs, platelets; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.

Figure 1 Flow diagram of enrolled patients.

Figure 2 Vasoactive endothelial factors.

Notes: Plasma ET-1 levels (A) and serum NO levels (B) in adolescents with prehypertension and hypertension. Control, normotensive healthy adolescents; PPH, prehypertensive children; PH, hypertensive children. *P<0.0001 (A-1), ^#P<0.0001 (A-2), ^@P<0.0001 (1-2).
Abbreviations: PPH, pediatric prehypertension; PH, pediatric hypertension; ET-1, endothelin-1; NO, nitric oxide.

Figure 3 Serum (A) and platelet (B) 5-HT levels in adolescents with prehypertension and hypertension.

Notes: Control, normotensive healthy adolescents; PPH, prehypertensive children; PH, hypertensive children. *P<0.0001 (A–1), ^#P<0.0001 (A–2), ^@P<0.0001 (1–2).
Abbreviation: 5-HT, serotonin.

Table 2 Main results and their comparison

Predictor variables	Controls (n=60)	Cases			P-values*	95% CI
		Total (n=60)	PPH (n=33)	PH (n=27)
	A	B	1	2
ET-1 (fmol/mL) mean ± SD	0.8±0.08	1.38±0.13	1.14±0.13	1.67±0.12	A-B <0.0001	0.54–0.62
					A-1<0.0001	0.30–0.38
					A-2<0.0001	0.83–0.91
					1–2<0.0001	0.46–0.60
NO (μmol/mL) mean ± SD	111.71±3.52	111.63±3.09	125.0±3.13	95.29±3.04	A-B=0.89	−1.28–1.12
					A-1<0.0001	11.83–14.75
					A-2<0.0001	−17.98 to −14.86
					1–2<0.0001	−31.32 to −28.10
Serum 5-HT (ng/mL) mean ± SD	186.15±12.54	266.62±14.14	245.87±14.87	291.98±13.25	A-B <0.0001	76.64–86.30
					A-1<0.0001	54.95–66.49
					A-2<0.0001	100.95–112.71
					1–2<0.0001	38.75–53.47
Platelet 5-HT (ng/10^9 platelets) mean ± SD	1177.37±54.88	606.77±46.95	543.37±46.57	684.26±47.41	A-B <0.0001	−589.06 to −552.14
					A-1<0.0001	−656.43 to −611.58
					A-2<0.0001	−517.40 to −468.82
					1–2<0.0001	116.50–165.28

Notes: Cases, prehypertensive + hypertensive children.

* x–x (eg, A-1): P-value of the differences between the specific group’s means for that parameter. A, controls; B, cases (prehypertensive + hypertensive children); 1, cases with prehypertension; 2, cases with hypertension.

Abbreviations: PPH, pediatric prehypertension; PH, pediatric hypertension; ET-1, endothelin-1; NO, nitric oxide; 5-HT, serotonin.