Brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity, cardio-ankle vascular index, and prognosis

Figures & data

Figure 1 A flowchart of identifying prognostic studies of baPWV and CAVI articles.

Abbreviations: baPWV, brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity; CAVI, cardio-ankle vascular index.

Table 1 A summary of the prognostic predictability of all examined baPWV and CAVI articles

Articles	Index	Result	Exclusion of ASO/PAD in the LE	Device	Population	Number of patients	Age (mean; years)	Male gender (%)	Follow-up (years)	Primary end point	Comments
Tomiyama et al^Citation15	baPWV	Successful	No	VP	ACS	215	63	77.7	2.2	CCVM
Yamamoto et al^Citation16	CAVI	Failed	Yes	VS	Community- dwelling elderly	117	80	31.1	4	ACM	The mortality rate did not differ between those with CAVI ≥10 and CAVI <10
Kato et al^Citation24	baPWV, CAVI	baPWV Kaplan–Meier, CAVI failed	No	VS	Hemodialysis	194	64	65.5	3.3	ACM, nonfatal CCVE	ABI succeeded significantly
Kato et al^Citation25	baPWV, CAVI	baPWV successful, CAVI failed	Yes	VS	Hemodialysis	135	60	67.4	5.3	CCVM
Otsuka et al^Citation26	baPWV, CAVI	baPWV failed, CAVI successful	Yes	baPWV not described, CAVI VS	IHD with impaired CAVI	211	65	55.9	2.9	CCVE	CAVI at the first occasion did not succeed
Kusunose et al^Citation27	baPWV, CAVI	baPWV Kaplan–Meier, CAVI failed	Yes	baPWV VP, CAVI VS	Outpatients with two or more risk factors	114	69	78.1	4.3	MACE	ABI=1.01±0.17 (SD)
Gohbara et al^Citation28	CAVI	Successful	Yes	VS	IHD, ACS	288	65	82.3	1.3 (median)	CCVE
Yoshida et al^Citation43	baPWV	Failed	Not clarified	VP	Diabetes	783	30–75	66.6	5.5	CCVE
Tokitsu et al^Citation44	baPWV	Failed	No	VP	IHD	401			2.9	CCVE
Lau et al^Citation45	baPWV	Failed	Yes	VP	Diabetes	151	61	40.4	5.1	CCVE
Kitahara et al^Citation46	baPWV	Successful	Yes	VP	Hemodialysis	671	59	64.9	2.8	ACM, CCVM
Ninomiya et al^Citation47	baPWV	Successful	Yes	VP	General population	2,916	60	42.7	7.1	CCVE
Maeda et al^Citation48	baPWV	Successful	Yes	VP	Diabetes	3,628	61	59.7	3.2	ACM, coronary events, cerebrovascular events	For the CCVEs, adjusted by modified FRS
Kuroiwa et al^Citation49	baPWV	Successful	Yes	VP	Community- dwelling elderly	450	77	67.3	3	ACM	A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed
Seo et al^Citation50	baPWV	Successful	No	VP	IHD	372	65	63.2	2.2	MACE
Chang et al^Citation51	baPWV	Successful	No	VP	Diabetes	452	68	54.2	5.8	ACM, CCVE
Sheng et al^Citation52	baPWV	Successful	Yes	VP	Community- dwelling elderly	3,876	68	44.2	5.9	ACM, death	Cox regression: the top decile vs whole population
Katakami et al^Citation53	baPWV	Successful	Yes	VP	Diabetes	1,040	59	65.0	7.5 (median)	CCVE + PAD (ABI <0.9)
Ki et al^Citation54	baPWV	Successful	No	VP	IHD	372	65	63.2	2.2	MACE
Kim et al^Citation55	baPWV	Successful	No	VP	Stroke	1,765	65	62.2	3.3	ACM, CCVM
Kawai et al^Citation56	baPWV	Successful	Not clarified	VP	Hypertension	338	61	54.7	6.5	CCVE	An existence of ASO defined by ABI of <0.9 is unlikely because of the ABI value (1.13±0.00 [SE]). 118 subjects with past history of CVD and/or stroke were excluded
Nagai et al^Citation57	baPWV	Successful	Not clarified	VP	Outpatients	274	71	41.6	3.4	CCVE
Takashima et al^Citation58	baPWV	Successful	Yes	VP	General population	4,164	59	37.2	6.5 (median)	CCVE
Yoon et al^Citation59	baPWV	Successful	Not clarified	VP	CKD	117	54	61.5	1.0 (median)	CCVE
Ishisone et al^Citation60	baPWV	Successful	Yes	VP	General population	973	59	46.9	7.8	CCVE
Kawai et al^Citation61	baPWV	Successful	Yes	FCP-4731 (Fukuda Denshi)	Hypertension	440	61	56.1	6.3	CCVE
Han et al^Citation62	baPWV	Successful	No	VP	Outpatients	185	62	56.2	1.7	CCVE
Munakata et al^Citation63	baPWV	Successful	Yes	VP	Hypertension	662	60	45.4	3	CCVE	Nontreated hypertension at the recruitment
Chen et al^Citation64	baPWV	Successful	Not clarified	VP	CKD	145	69	68.3	1.2	ACM + commencement of dialysis	baPWV is adjusted by mean arterial pressure
Inoue et al^Citation65	baPWV	Successful	Yes	VP	Hemodialysis	197	66	61.9	5.8	CCVE
Orlova et al^Citation66	baPWV	Successful	Not clarified	VS (considered)	IHD (male only)	224	56	100.0	3.5	MACE
Nakamura et al^Citation67	baPWV	Successful	Yes	VP	IHD	564	64	80.9	2.1 (median)	CCVE
Turin et al^Citation68	baPWV	Successful	Not clarified	VP	General population	2,642	58	33.8	6.5	ACM	Participants with a history of CVD were excluded
Miyano et al^Citation69	baPWV	Successful	Yes	VP	Community- dwelling elderly	530	76	39.1	3	ACM, CCVM
Meguro et al^Citation70	baPWV	Successful	Yes	VP	HF	72	68	56.9	1.2	Readmission of HF exacerbation
Matsuoka et al^Citation71	baPWV	Successful	Yes	VP	Community- dwelling elderly	298	80	40.3	3.4	CCVM
Wang and Dang^Citation72	baPWV	Successful	Not clarified	VP	IHD with Kawasaki disease	48	45	25.0	2.1	MACE + in-stent restenosis of DES
Chen et al^Citation73	baPWV	Successful	No	VP	Atrial fibrillation	167	69	68.3	2.2 (median)	CCVE
Park et al^Citation74	baPWV	Failed	Yes	VP	IHD	203	57	52.7	4.2	CCVE
Kuwahara et al^Citation75	baPWV	Failed	No	VP	Hemodialysis	300	61	61.0	7	ACM
Orlova et al^Citation76	baPWV	Successful	Not clarified	VS	IHD	161	57	100.0	3.5	MACE
Tanaka et al^Citation77	baPWV	Failed	No	VP	Hemodialysis	445	63	59.3	3.6	ACM, CCVE
Amemiya et al^Citation78	baPWV	Failed	Not clarified	VP	Hemodialysis	186	61	61.8	4	ACM
Chen et al^Citation79	baPWV	Failed	No	VP	Hemodialysis	212	59	44.8	2.4	ACM, CCVM
Morimoto et al^Citation80	baPWV	Kaplan–Meier	Yes	VP	Hemodialysis	176	61	56.3	3.6	ACM, CCVM
Nagata et al^Citation81	baPWV	Successful	No	VP	IHD	398	68	74.6	0.8	MACE	Succeeded only in patients with DES
Lee et al^Citation82	baPWV	Successful	Yes	VP	IHD	350	66	53.4	1.2 (median)	CCVE
Chen et al^Citation83	baPWV	Failed	Yes	VP	CKD	227	65	43.0	1.8	CCVE
Wei et al^Citation84	baPWV	Successful	No	VP	Hemodialysis	205	59	44.9	4.4	ACM, CCVE
Iino et al^Citation85	baPWV	Failed	Not clarified	VP	IHD, outpatients	77	65	63.6	2	MACE
Li et al^Citation86	baPWV	Failed	Yes	VP	Outpatients	238	69	42.9	1.7 (median)	ACM
Sugamata et al^Citation87	baPWV	Successful	Not clarified	VP	IHD	923	65	71.5	5.3	MACE
Song et al^Citation88	baPWV	Successful	No	VP	Hypertension	3,310	60	44.0	4.5 (median)	Stroke
Ikura et al^Citation89	baPWV	Successful	No	VP	Diabetes with LE amputation	102	63	78.4	3.3	ACM
Kawai et al^Citation90	baPWV	Failed	No	VP	Hypertension	353	63	57.2	7.9	Stroke
Chen et al^Citation91	baPWV	Failed	No	VP	Hemodialysis	210	59	44.3	4.4	ACM, CCVE
Mimura et al^Citation92	baPWV	Failed	No	VP	CKD	75	57	69.3	4	ACM
Ahn et al^Citation93	baPWV	Successful	Not clarified	VP	Acute stroke	1,557	68	59.3	2.5 (median)	CCVM
Kim et al^Citation94	baPWV	Failed	No	VP	Hemodialysis	77	53	51.9	5	ACM, CCVE
Tabata et al^Citation95	baPWV	Failed	No	VP	IHD	149	71	67.1	1.9 (mean), 1.3 (median)	CCVE
Saji et al^Citation96	baPWV	Failed	Not clarified	VP	Acute lacunar infarction	156	69	60.9	5.9 (median)	Ischemic stroke
Ueki et al^Citation97	baPWV	Successful	Yes	VP	Outpatients, CVD	2,554	66	70.2	5	MACE	The cutoff of 16.44 m/s is significant only in patients aged 30–59 years
Aisu et al^Citation98	baPWV	Successful	Yes	VP	Outpatients	456	71 (median)	67.8	4.9 (median)	HF
Kuo et al^Citation99	baPWV	Failed	Not clarified	VP	CKD	149	62	64.4	4.3	CCVE + renal function decline
Kajimoto et al^Citation100	baPWV	Failed	No	VP	Diabetes	337	68	58.2	5	IHD
Woo et al^Citation101	baPWV	Failed	No	VP	IHD	91	57	63.7	1.4	a denovo lesion + PCI
Park et al^Citation102	baPWV	Successful	No	VP	Myocardial infarction	411	64	75.2	1	CCVE
Lu et al^Citation103	baPWV	Successful	Yes	VP	General population	4,251	52	45.9	4.4 (median)	CCVE	baPWV is adjusted by heart rate such as 75 beats per minute
Tokitsu et al^Citation104	baPWV	Successful	Yes	VP	HF with preserved ejection function	426	71	55.3	2.8	CCVE
Hwang et al^Citation105	baPWV	Successful	Yes	VP	Suspected IHD	523	58	60.6	3.7	CCVE
Wang et al^Citation106	baPWV	Successful	Not clarified	VP	Peritoneal dialysis	254	61	61.4	2.6	ACM
Taniguchi et al^Citation107	baPWV	Successful	Not clarified	VP	Community- dwelling elderly	1,744	71	43.0	7.0 (median)	ACM	Trajectories of baPWV were used
Yamaguchi et al^Citation108	CAVI	Failed	No	VS	Hemodialysis	270	63	56.3	4.5	CCVM, CCVE + revascularization for PAD
Sato et al^Citation109	CAVI	Successful	Yes	VS	Outpatients	1,003	63	51.2	6.7	IHD + coronary artery events confirmed by coronary angiography
Laucevičius et al^Citation110	CAVI	Kaplan–Meier	Not clarified	VS	Metabolic syndromes	2,106	54	37.9	3.8	CCVE	Middle-aged women and men without the history of CVD were included
Satoh-Asahara et al^Citation111	CAVI	Successful	Not clarified	VS	Obese patients (after excluding subjects with success in weight loss)	300	49	44.5	5	CCVE + PAD	End point: IHD 15, stroke 7, PAD 6, (exclusion criteria: history of IHD, stroke, other vascular diseases)
Chung et al^Citation112	CAVI	Successful	No	VS	Diabetes	626	64	46.0	4.1	CCVE
Kubota et al^Citation113	CAVI	Successful	Yes	VS	Outpatients	400	69	63.0	2.3	CCVE
Yoshihisa et al^Citation114	CAVI	Failed	No	VS	HF	378	67	65.1	1.4	ACM, cardiac death, noncardiac death, cardiac death + admission of HF
Sawai et al^Citation115	CAVI	Failed	No	VS	CKD	139	71	74.8	2.7 (median)	CCVE
Harada et al^Citation116	CAVI	Failed	No	VS	Hemodialysis	110	69	70.0	2.1 (median)	CCVE

Abbreviations: ABI, ankle–brachial index; ACM, all-cause mortality; ACS, acute coronary syndrome; ASO, arteriosclerosis obliterans; baPWV, brachia–ankle pulse wave velocity; CAVI, cardio-ankle vascular index; CCVE, cerebrovascular– cardiovascular event; CCVM, cerebrovascular–cardiovascular mortality; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DES, drug-eluting stent; FRS, Framingham risk score; HF, heart failure; IHD, ischemic heart disease; LE, lower extremity; MACE, major adverse cardiac event; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; SE, standard error; VP, Vascular Profiler; VS, VaSera.

Table 3 Details of the articles in which the prognostic predictability of baPWV and CAVI was analyzed in the same cohort

Articles	Index	Result	Exclusion of ASO/PAD in the LE	Criteria of ASO/PAD exclusion	Other exclusion criteria	Usage of baPWV– CAVI	Device	Population	Number of patients	Age (mean; years)	Male gender (%)	Follow-up (years)	Primary end point	Number of events	Cutoff	HR (adjusted)	HR as a continuous variable (adjusted)	Comments
Kato et al^Citation24	baPWV, CAVI	baPWV Kaplan– Meier, CAVI failed	No			Average	VS	Hemodialysis	194	64	65.5	3.3	ACM, nonfatal CCVE	39, 15	baPWV 17.5 m/s (the top tertile), CAVI 10.7 (the top tertile)	Failed	Not provided	ABI succeeded significantly
Kato et al^Citation25	baPWV, CAVI	baPWV successful, CAVI failed	Yes	ABI <0.9	Over 76 years old	Higher	VS	Hemodialysis	135	60	67.4	5.3	CCVM	22	baPWV 16.6 m/s (the top tertile), CAVI 9.9 (the top tertile)	16.9 (95% CI 1.1–251.8, P=0.04)	Not provided
Otsuka et al^Citation26	baPWV, CAVI	baPWV failed, CAVI successful	Yes	PAD	AF, other various criteria		baPWV not described, CAVI VS	IHD with impaired CAVI	211	65	55.9	2.9	CCVE	28	baPWV at the second occasion, persistently impaired, CAVI in 6 months	baPWV failed, persistently impaired CAVI 3.3 (95% CI 1.47–8.59, P<0.01)	Not provided	CAVI at the first occasion did not succeed
Kusunose et al^Citation27	baPWV, CAVI	baPWV Kaplan– Meier, CAVI failed	Yes	Symptomatic PAD	End-stage neoplasm, etc.	Average	baPWV VP, CAVI VS	Outpatients with two or more risk factors	114	69	78.1	4.3	MACE	35	baPWV =17.03 m/s, CAVI =9.2	Not provided	Failed	ABI=1.01±0.17 (SD)
Gohbara et al^Citation28	baPWV, CAVI	baPWV not described, CAVI successful	Yes	PAD	AF, aortic diseases, etc.	Average	baPWV VP, CAVI VS	IHD, ACS	288	65	82.3	1.3 (median)	CCVE	19	baPWV, not provided, CAVI 8.325	baPWV not provided, CAVI 18 (95% CI 2.369–136.8, P=0.005)	Not provided	In the secondary end point (nonfatal ischemic stroke), CAVI succeeded, baPWV failed

Abbreviations: ABI, ankle–brachial index; ACM, all-cause mortality; ACS, acute coronary syndrome; AF, atrial fibrillation; ASO, arteriosclerosis obliterans; baPWV, brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity; CAVI, cardio-ankle vascular index; CCVE, cerebrovascular–cardiovascular event; CCVM, cerebrovascular–cardiovascular mortality; IHD, ischemic heart disease; MACE, major adverse cardiac event; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; VP, Vascular Profiler; VS, VaSera.

Figure 2 The success rate of baPWV and CAVI articles.

Abbreviations: baPWV, brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity; CAVI, cardio-ankle vascular index.

Table 2 Detailed information about baPWV and CAVI articles in which ASO and/or PAD was excluded from the analysis

Articles	Index	Result	Criteria of ASO/PAD exclusion	Device	Population	Number of patients	Age (mean; years)	Male gender (%)	Follow-up (years)	Primary end point	Number of events	Cutoff	HR (adjusted)	HR as a continuous variable (adjusted)	Comments
Yamamoto et al^Citation16	CAVI	Failed	ASO	VS	Community- dwelling elderly	117	80	31.1	4	ACM	14	10	Not provided	Not provided	The mortality rate did not differ between patients with CAVI ≥10 and CAVI <10
Kato et al^Citation25	baPWV	Successful	ABI <0.9	VS	Hemodialysis	135	60	67.4	5.3	CCVM	22	16.6 m/s (the top tertile)	16.9 (95% CI 1.1–251.8, P=0.04)	Not provided
Kato et al^Citation25	CAVI	Failed	ABI <0.9	VS	Hemodialysis	135	60	67.4	5.3	CCVM	22	9.9 (the top tertile)	Failed	Not provided
Otsuka et al^Citation26	baPWV	Failed	PAD	Not described	IHD with impaired CAVI	211	65	55.9	2.9	CCVE	28	baPWV at the second occasion	Failed	Not provided
Otsuka et al^Citation26	CAVI	Successful	PAD	VS	IHD with impaired CAVI	211	65	55.9	2.9	CCVE	28	Persistently impaired CAVI in 6 months	Persistently impaired CAVI: 3.3 (95% CI 1.47–8.59, P<0.01)	Not provided	CAVI at the first occasion did not succeed
Kusunose et al^Citation27	baPWV	Failed	Symptomatic PAD	VP	Outpatients with two or more risk factors	114	69	78.1	4.3	MACE	35	17.03 m/s	Not provided	Failed	ABI=1.01±0.17 (SD)
Kusunose et al^Citation27	CAVI	Failed	Symptomatic PAD	VS	Outpatients with two or more risk factors	114	69	78.1	4.3	MACE	35	9.2	Not provided	Failed	ABI=1.01±0.17 (SD)
Gohbara et al^Citation28	CAVI	Successful	PAD	VS	IHD, ACS	288	65	82.3	1.3 (median)	CCVE	19	8.325	18 (95% CI 2.369–136.8, P=0.005)	Not provided	In the secondary end point (nonfatal ischemic stroke), CAVI succeeded, baPWV failed
Lau et al^Citation45	baPWV	Failed	Symptomatic PAD	VP	Diabetes	151	61	40.4	5.1	CCVE	16	14.67 m/s	Not provided	Failed
Kitahara et al^Citation46	baPWV	Successful	ABI <0.9	VP	Hemodialysis	671	59	64.9	2.8	ACM, CCVM	86, 55	19.6 m/s (the third quartile), 23 m/s (the top quartile)	ACM, the third quartile: 3.32 (95% CI 1.22–9.02, P=0.019), the top quartile: 4.08 (95% CI 1.46–11.43, P=0.007)/cardiovascular mortality, the top quartile: 7.03 (95% CI 1.49–33.08, P=0.014)	Not provided
Ninomiya et al^Citation47	baPWV	Successful	ABI <0.9	VP	General population	2,916	60	42.7	7.1	CCVE	126	17.6 m/s	The third quintile: 7.17 (95% CI 1.66–31.03, P=0.008), the fourth quintile: 8.77 (95% CI 1.99–38.71, P=0.004), the top quintile: 12.20 (95% CI 2.68–55.64, P=0.001)	Per 20% of baPWV, 1.31 (95% CI 1.11–1.54, P=0.002)
Maeda et al^Citation48	baPWV	Successful	ABI <0.9	VP	Diabetes	3,628	61	59.7	3.2	ACM, coronary events, cerebrovascular events	Not provided	24 m/s, 14 m/s, 14 m/s	1.84 (95% CI 1.13–2.88, P=0.016), 1.69 (95% CI 1.06–2.84, P=0.025), 1.63 (95% CI 1.01–2.76, P=0.046)	Not provided	For the CCVEs, adjusted by modified FRS
Kuroiwa et al^Citation49	baPWV	Successful	History of ASO, ABI<0.9	VP	Community- dwelling elderly	450	77	67.3	3	ACM	28	18.61 m/s	OR 3.22 (95% CI 1.26–8.22, P=0.014)	Per 1 m/s, OR 1.10 (95% CI 1.00–1.21, P=0.047)	A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed
Sheng et al^Citation52	baPWV	Successful	ABI<0.9	VP	Community- dwelling elderly	3,876	68	44.2	5.9	ACM, death of non- cerebrovascular– cardiovascular cause	316, 168	23.3 m/s	1.56 (95% CI 1.16–2.08, P=0.003), 1.60 (95% CI 1.18–2.75, P=0.006)	Failed	Cox regression: the top decile vs whole population
Katakami et al^Citation53	baPWV	Successful	PAD	VP	Diabetes	1,040	59	65.0	7.5 (median)	CCVE + PAD (ABI <0.9)	113	15.5 m/s	Not provided	Per 1 SD, 1.33 (95% CI 1.09–1.62, P=0.004) the SD is not provided
Takashima et al^Citation58	baPWV	Successful	ABI<0.9	VP	General population	4,164	59	37.2	6.5 (median)	CCVE	40	18 m/s	2.70 (95% CI 1.18–6.19)/vs <14 m/s, 6.94 (95% CI 1.43–33.73)	Failed
Ishisone et al^Citation60	baPWV	Successful	ABI ≤0.9	VP	General population	973	59	46.9	7.8	CCVE	37	The top decile	2.58 (95% CI 1.24–5.37, P=0.012)	Per 1 SD, 1.47 (95% CI 1.09–1.98, P=0.011)
Kawai et al^Citation61	baPWV	Successful	ABI<0.9	FCP-4731 (Fukuda Denshi)	Hypertension	440	61	56.1	6.3	CCVE	62	17.5 m/s	2.048 (95% CI 1.176–3.616, P=0.0113)	Not provided
Munakata et al^Citation63	baPWV	Successful	PAD	VP	Hypertension	662	60	45.4	3	CCVE	24	17.5 m/s	2.97 (95% CI 1.006–9.380)	Not provided	Nontreated hypertension at the recruitment
Inoue et al^Citation65	baPWV	Successful	PAD	VP	Hemodialysis	197	66	61.9	5.8	CCVE	89	Not provided	Not provided	Per 1 cm/s, 1.046 (95% CI 1.006–1.086, P=0.0220)	In reality, the unit is considered to be meter per second
Nakamura et al^Citation67	baPWV	Successful	ABI<0.9	VP	IHD	564	64	80.9	2.1 (median)	CCVE	122	17.3 m/s for the diabetes patients only	1.97 (95% CI 1.01–3.84, P=0.046)	Not provided
Miyano et al^Citation69	baPWV	Successful	ABI<0.9	VP	Community- dwelling elderly	530	76	39.1	3	ACM, CCVM	30, 11	19.63 m/s, 19.63 m/s	5.3 (95% CI 2.2–12.7), 18.7 (95% CI 2.2–157.6)	Per 1 m/s, 1.09 (95% CI 1.00–1.18), 1.12 (95% CI 1.01–1.25)
Meguro et al^Citation70	baPWV	Successful	PAD	VP	HF	72	68	56.9	1.2	Readmission of HF exacerbation	7	17.5 m/s	5.101 (95% CI 1,034–25.166, P=0.045)	Not provided
Matsuoka et al^Citation71	baPWV	Successful	ABI ≤0.9	VP	Community- dwelling elderly	298	80	40.3	3.4	CCVM	9	25 m/s	Not provided	Per 2 m/s, 1.302 (95% CI 1.110–1.525, P=0.0011)/per 5 m/s, 1.933 (95% CI 1.300–2.874, P=0.0011)
Park et al^Citation74	baPWV	Failed	ABI<0.9	VP	IHD	203	57	52.7	4.2	CCVE	36	Not provided	Not provided	Failed
Morimoto et al^Citation80	baPWV	Failed	ABI<0.9	VP	Hemodialysis	176	61	56.3	3.6	ACM, CCVM	17, 9	18 m/s	Not provided	Failed
Lee et al ^Citation82	baPWV	Successful	ABI<0.9	VP	IHD	350	66	53.4	1.2 (median)	CCVE	21	17.9 m/s	2.03 (95% CI 1.08–6.38, P=0.007)	Not provided
Chen et al ^Citation83	baPWV	Failed	ABI<0.9	VP	CKD	227	65	43.0	1.8	CCVE	28	Not provided	Not provided	Failed
Li et al ^Citation86	baPWV	Failed	ABI≤0.9	VP	Outpatients	238	69	42.9	1.7 (median)	ACM	15	16 m/s	Failed	Not provided
Ueki et al ^Citation97	baPWV	Successful	ABI≤0.9, ABI>1.4	VP	Outpatients, CVDs	2,554	66	70.2	5	MACE	133	16.44 m/s	Not provided	Per 1 m/s, 1.17 (95% CI 1.04–1.32, P=0.011)	The cutoff of 16.44 m/s is significant only in patients aged 30–59 years
Aisu et al^Citation98	baPWV	Successful	ABI<0.9	VP	Outpatients	456	71 (median)	67.8	4.9 (median)	HF	30	Not provided	Not provided	Per 1 m/s,1.21 (95% CI 1.11–1.33, P<0.01), per ΔbaPWV 10%, 1.51 (95% CI 1.23–1.86, P<0.01)
Lu et al^Citation103	baPWV	Successful	ABI<0.9	VP	General population	4,251	52	45.9	4.4 (median)	CCVE	74	16.7 m/s (Youden’s index)	Unadjusted, 11.2 (95% CI 6.59–19.1, P<0.0001)	Per 3.23 m/s (1 SD), 1.50 (95% CI 1.26–1.78, P≤0.0001)	baPWV is adjusted by heart rate such as 75 beats per minute
Tokitsu et al^Citation104	baPWV	Successful	ABI ≤0.9	VP	HF with preserved ejection function	426	71	55.3	2.8	CCVE	91	<13 m/s (the first quintile), 19 m/s ≤<22 m/s (the fourth quintile), 22 m/s < (the top quintile)	2.88 (95% CI 1.12–7.38, P=0.03), 2.20 (95% CI 1.14–4.25, P=0.02), 2.56 (95% CI 1.28–5.14, P=0.01)	Not provided
Hwang et al^Citation105	baPWV	Successful	ABI<0.9	VP	Suspected IHD	523	58	60.6	3.7	CCVE	66	16.19 m/s	4.717 (95% CI 2.675–8.319, P<0.001)	Per 1 m/s, 1.129 (95% CI 1.074–1.187, P<0.001)
Sato et al^Citation109	CAVI	Successful	ABI<0.9	VS	Outpatients	1,003	63	51.2	6.7	IHD + coronary artery events confirmed by coronary angiography	90	10.09 (the top quartile)	Failed	Per CAVI =1, 1.126 (95% CI 1.006–1.259, P=0.039)
Kubota et al^Citation113	CAVI	Successful	ABI<0.9	VS	Outpatients	400	69	63.0	2.3	CCVE	49	≥10 (the top tertile)	2.25 (95% CI 1.02–4.95, P=0.04)	Not provided

Abbreviations: ABI, ankle–brachial index; ACM, all-cause mortality; ACS, acute coronary syndrome; ASO, arteriosclerosis obliterans; baPWV, brachia–ankle pulse wave velocity; CAVI, cardio-ankle vascular index; CCVE, cerebrovascular–cardiovascular events; CCVM, cerebrovascular–cardiovascular mortality; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; FRS, Framingham risk score; HF, heart failure; IHD, ischemic heart disease; LE, lower extremity; MACE, major adverse cardiac events; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; VP, Vascular Profiler; VS, VaSera.

Figure 3 The success rate of baPWV articles according to the presence of exclusion criteria of LE-ASO/PAD. (A) Comparison of the raw data. (B) Comparison after exchanging the two studies.

Abbreviations: baPWV, brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity; LE-ASO/PAD, lower extremity-arteriosclerosis obliterans/peripheral arterial disease.

Table 4 Logistic regression analysis exploring the independent determinants of the success of prognostic prediction

	Univariate		Multivariate
Covariates	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value
baPWV (yes =1)	2.87 (0.92–9.03)	0.071
Exclusion of ASO/PAD (yes =1)	2.30 (0.92–5.77)	0.076
Dialysis population (yes =1)	0.19 (0.06–0.60)	0.005	0.28 (0.08–0.94)	0.039
Age (years)	0.99 (0.93–1.07)	0.87
Male gender (%)	1.00 (0.97–1.03)	0.97
Follow-up period (years)	1.00 (0.78–1.27)	0.97
Log (number of patients)	14.00 (3.13–62.80)	0.0006	11.20 (2.45–51.70)	0.002

Notes: baPWV =1 or CAVI =0 is used as a binary variate. The “success or failure” in the studies simultaneously comparing baPWV and CAVI was defined for each index. Thus, the total number of the included studies is 85.

Abbreviations: ASO, arteriosclerosis obliterans; baPWV, brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity; CAVI, cardio-ankle vascular index; PAD, peripheral arterial disease.

Table 5 Logistic regression analysis exploring the independent determinants of the success of prognostic prediction after exchanging the studies excluding patients with only symptomatic PAD

	Univariate		Multivariate
Covariates	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value
baPWV (yes =1)	2.87 (0.92–9.03)	0.071	3.36 (0.86–13.20)	0.083
Exclusion of ASO/PAD (yes =1)	3.71 (1.37–10.10)	0.01	3.08 (0.96–9.93)	0.060
Dialysis population (yes =1)	0.19 (0.06–0.60)	0.005	0.27 (0.07–0.96)	0.043
Age (years)	0.99 (0.93–1.07)	0.87
Male gender (%)	1.00 (0.97–1.03)	0.97
Follow-up period (years)	1.00 (0.78–1.27)	0.97
Log (number of patients)	14.00 (3.13–62.80)	0.0006	9.04 (1.90–43.00)	0.006

Notes: baPWV =1 or CAVI =0 is used as a binary variate. The “success or failure” in the studies simultaneously comparing baPWV and CAVI was defined for each index. Thus, the total number of the included studies is 85.

Abbreviations: ASO, arteriosclerosis obliterans; baPWV, brachia–ankle pulse wave velocity; CAVI, cardio-ankle vascular index; PAD, peripheral arterial disease.

Table S1 Logistic regression analysis after redefining three studies (five studies in total)

	Univariate		Multivariate
Covariates	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value
baPWV (yes =1)	2.87 (0.92–9.03)	0.071	3.91 (0.95–16.10)	0.059
Exclusion of ASO/PAD (yes =1)	4.68 (1.73–12.70)	0.003	4.01 (1.22–13.20)	0.022
Dialysis population (yes =1)	0.19 (0.06–0.60)	0.005	0.27 (0.07–1.00)	0.049
Age (years)	0.99 (0.93–1.07)	0.87
Male gender (%)	1.00 (0.97–1.03)	0.97
Follow-up period (years)	1.00 (0.78–1.27)	0.97
Log (number of patients)	14.00 (3.13–62.80)	0.0006	8.42 (1.75–40.50)	0.008

Notes: baPWV =1 or CAVI =0 is used as a binary variate. The “success or failure” in the studies simultaneously comparing baPWV and CAVI was defined for each index. Thus, the total number of the included studies is 85.

Abbreviations: ASO, arteriosclerosis obliterans; baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; CAVI, cardio-ankle vascular index; PAD, peripheral arterial disease.

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