Metabolite Profiling of Osteoporosis and Atherosclerosis in Postmenopausal Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Population selection process.

Table 1 Characteristics of the Study Population and the Subgroups

Characteristics	Whole Sample (n=280) Mean ± SD	Group 1 (n= 16) Mean ± SD	Group 2 (n=59) Mean ± SD	p^a	Group 3 (n=11) Mean ± SD	Group 4 (n=48) Mean ± SD	p^b
Age (years)	73.6 ± 2.8	74.6 ± 2.4	72.6 ± 2.7	0.007	74.8 ± 2.5	72.6 ± 2.8	0.017
BMI (kg/m^2)	28.8 ± 4.0	25.2 ± 3.7	29.2 ± 4.6	0.002	25.4 ± 3.8	29.9 ± 5.1	0.008
FN T-score	−1.1 ± 1.1	−2.8 ± 0.3	−0.1 ± 0.8		−2.9 ± 0.3	−0.04 ± 0.9
Maximum cIMT (mm)	2.05 ± 0.66	2.6 ± 0.8	1.5 ± 0.3	0.001	2.9 ± 0.8	1.4 ± 0.2
TB fat mass (kg)	29.2 ± 9.3	22.4 ± 7.0	30.5 ± 8.8	0.001	22.4 ± 6.5	31.9 ± 9.8	0.003
Shortness of breath in a week (hours)^c	0.98 ± 1.23	1.04 ± 1.93	1.10 ± 1.27	0.867	0.33 ± 0.58	1.00 ± 1.18	0.010
	Whole sample (n=280) n (%)	Group 1 n (%)	Group 2 n (%)		Group 3 n (%)	Group 4 n (%)
Statin users	132 (47.1)	12 (75.0)	26 (44.1)	0.028	9 (81.8)	21 (43.8)	0.023
Type 2 diabetes	24 (8.6)	0 (0.0)	5 (8.5)	0.228	0 (0.0)	4 (8.3)	0.321
HT users	26 (9.3)	2 (12.5)	8 (13.6)	0.912	1 (9.1)	5 (10.4)	0.896

Abbreviations: Group 1, subject with osteoporosis and carotid artery calcifications (CAC); Group 2, subjects with normal T-score and no CAC; Group 3, subjects with osteoporosis and highest cIMT tertile; Group 4, subjects with normal T-score and lowest cIMT tertile; BMI, body mass index; FN, femoral neck; TB, total body; BMD, bone mineral density; cIMT, carotid intima-media thickness; HT, postmenopausal hormone therapy; p^a, p-value between group 1 and 2; p^b, p-value between group 3 and 4; ^c, physical exercise causing shortness of breath (hours in a week).

Figure 2 The differences in metabolomics between group I and group II.

Notes: The mean difference in the 95% confidence intervals between group I (n=16, osteoporosis with CACs) and group II (n=59, normal T-score and no CACs). Group II was used as a reference group. Only the five most remarkable variables (p-values) from each metabolic group are shown in the figure. Logarithm modifications were made to ensure the variables had normal distributions. P-values indicated with red color were statistically significant. P = p-value; adj = adjusted with age, total body fat mass and statin use.

Figure 3 The differences in metabolomics between group III and group IV.

Notes: The mean difference with the 95% confidence intervals between group III (n=11, osteoporosis with highest CIMT tertile) and group IV (n=48, normal T-score and low CIMT). Group IV was used as a reference group. Only the five most remarkable variables (p-values) from each metabolic group are shown in the figure. Logarithm modifications were made to ensure variables normal distributions. P-values indicated with red color were statistically significant. P = p-value; adj = adjusted with age, total body fat mass and statin use.