D-Dimer, Fibrinogen, and IL-6 in COVID-19 Patients with Suspected Venous Thromboembolism: A Narrative Review

Figures & data

Table 1 Risk Factors for Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)

COVID-19-Related Risk Factors	Variables
Age	≥70 year
Gender	Males > females
Obesity	BMI > 30
Cancer	Active or not
Comorbidities	Hypertension, CVD, diabetes, stroke, CKD
Medical ICU admission	18.5%
Inflammation	Existing or not
Cytokine release syndrome (cytokine storm)	High-grade fevers, hypotension, multi-organ dysfunction
Lung injury	Pre-existing or not

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; ICU, intensive care unit.

Table 2 Summary of Potentially Useful Laboratory Tests and Their Expected Outcome in COVID-19

Tests Which Their Level is Expected to Increase	Tests Which Their Level is Expected to Decrease
aPTT (in acute phase) ALT and AST CRP D-dimer Fibrinogen (in acute phase) LDH PT (in acute phase) CBC (platelets and lymphocytes in acute stage)	Albumin aPTT (in late phase) CBC (platelets and lymphocytes in late stage) Fibrinogen (in late phase) PT (in late phase)

Abbreviations: aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CBC, complete blood count; CRP, C-reactive protein; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; PT, prothrombin time.

Figure 1 Algorithm for the management of coagulopathy in COVID-19 based on simple laboratory markers.Note: Data from Thachil J, Tang N, Gando S, et al.ISTH interim guidance on recognition and management of coagulopathy in COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(5):1023–1026. doi:10.1111/jth.14810.²⁷

Thachil J, Tang N, Gando S, et al. ISTH interim guidance on recognition and management of coagulopathy in COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(5):1023–1026. doi:10.1111/jth.14810

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