Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Patients Infected with COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of COVID‐19 Patients Classified by Framingham Risk Score

Variables	Total (n = 206)	Low Risk (n =71)	Intermediate Risk (n = 49)	High Risk (n = 86)	P value
Demographic data
Age (yr)	55.3± 15.1	41.9 ± 10.6	57.3 ± 7.4	63.8 ± 6.7	< 0.001*
Sex, male	138 (67)	41 (57.7)	30 (61.2)	67 (77.9)	0.017*
SBP (mmHg)	126.1 ± 20.8	117.5 ± 14.9	125.2 ± 17.1	136.3 ± 20.1	0.536
DBP (mmHg)	70.3 ± 12.6	69.3 ± 11.4	72.3 ± 12.0	72.7 ± 16.6	0.191
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	30.1 ± 6.8	30.1 ± 6.9	30.8 ± 6.3	30.3 ± 6.5	0.674
Smoking status					0.329
Never	188 (91.3)	64 (90.1)	44 (89.8)	80 (93.0)
Former	9 (4.4)	2 (2.8)	3 (6.1)	4 (4.6)
Current	9 (4.4)	5 (7.0)	2 (4.1)	2 (2.3)
Comorbidities
Hypertension	99 (48.1)	14 (19.7)	21 (42.8)	64 (74.4)	< 0.001*
Diabetes mellitus	93 (45.1)	13 (18.3)	17 (34.7)	63 (73.2)	< 0.001*
Ischemic Heart Disease	23 (11.2)	4 (5.6)	3 (6.1)	16 (18.6)	0.016*
Chronic Kidney Disease	18 (8.7)	3 (4.2)	5 (10.2)	10 (11.6)	0.241
Chronic lung Disease	17 (8.3)	7 (9.9)	3 (6.1)	7 (8.1)	0.764
Heart Failure	19 (9.2)	3 (4.2)	4 (8.2)	12 (13.9)	0.106
Cerebrovascular accident	15 (7.3)	1 (1.4)	2 (4.1)	12 (13.9)	0.007*

Notes: Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%); *Statistically significant.

Abbreviations: LOS, length of stay; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure.

Table 2 Clinical Symptoms, Medications, Treatments and Outcomes of COVID‐19 Patients Classified by Framingham Risk Score

Variables	Total (n = 206)	Low Risk (n =71)	Intermediate Risk (n = 49)	High Risk (n = 86)	P value
Clinical symptoms
Cough	128 (62.4)	41 (57.7)	34 (69.4)	53 (62.4)	0.433
Fever	151 (73.7)	48 (67.6)	36 (73.5)	67 (78.8)	0.285
SOB	154 (75.9)	49 (70)	43 (87.8)	62 (73.8)	0.071
Sputum	33 (16)	4 (5.6)	13 (26.5)	16 (18.6)	0.006*
Hemoptysis	3 (1.5)	1 (1.4)	0 (0)	2 (2.3)	0.555
Sore Throat	22 (10.7)	5 (7)	6 (12.2)	11 (12.8)	0.469
Neurological symptoms	22 (10.7)	8 (11.3)	6 (12.2)	8 (9.3)	0.851
Diarrhea	53 (25.9)	18 (25.4)	13 (27.1)	22 (25.6)	0.975
Nausea and vomiting	50 (24.3)	16 (22.5)	9 (18.4)	25 (29.1)	0.346
Abdominal Pain	19 (9.2)	8 (11.3)	2 (4.1)	9 (10.5)	0.357
Treatments
Steroids	116 (56.6)	33 (46.5)	33 (67.3)	50 (58.8)	0.066
Antibiotics	186 (90.3)	60 (84.5)	46 (93.9)	80 (93)	0.125
Hydroxychloroquine	5 (2.4)	3 (4.2)	2 (4.1)	0 (0)	0.159
Azithromycin	121 (58.7)	33 (46.5)	33 (67.3)	55 (64)	0.032*
Anti-viral	8 (3.9)	4 (5.6)	2 (4.1)	2 (2.3)	0.564
Laboratory Results
HgA1C	8.1± 5.9	7.1 ± 2.7	7.9± 2.6	9.3 ± 9.4	0.182
D-dimer	3.3± 4.9	2.7 ± 4.6	2.0± 2.0	4 ± 5.9	0.407
HDL	0.9± 0.44	1 ± 0.5	0.8± 0.5	0.9 ± 0.3	0.200
LDL	2.0± 0.9	2.3 ± 1.1	1.9± 0.8	1.9 ± 1.0	0.495
PT	15.1± 3.4	15.4 ± 3.1	15.1± 5	15.5 ± 3.5	0.579
APTT	41.2± 15.6	42.2 ± 19.8	39.9± 9.6	42.1 ± 17.9	0.221
Ferritin	1100.8± 1298.3	1184.2 ± 1627.6	1334.4± 1343.9	1034.6 ± 1166.2	0.322
LDH	540.1± 818.1	655 ± 1560	524± 244	473 ± 204	0.270
Outcomes
Pneumonia	175 (85)	52 (73.2)	47 (95.9)	76 (88.4)	0.001*
ARDS	21 (10.2)	6 (8.5)	7 (14.3)	8 (9.3)	0.547
Mechanical Ventilation	58 (28.3)	18 (25.4)	20 (41.7)	20 (23.3)	0.061
Shock	15 (7.3)	4 (5.6)	5 (10.2)	6 (7)	0.632
Acute Kidney Injury	57 (27.7)	16 (22.5)	13 (26.5)	28 (32.6)	0.369
Heart Failure	17 (8.3)	1 (1.4)	6 (12.2)	10 (11.6)	0.035*
ICU admission	119 (57.8)	38 (53.5)	35 (71.4)	46 (53.5)	0.085
LOS (day)	18.9 ± 15.5	17.5 ± 16.6	23.6 ± 16.7	17.9 ± 14.9	0.193
Death	58 (28.2)	15 (21.1)	16 (32.7)	27 (31.4)	0.263

Notes: Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%); *Statistically significant.

Abbreviations: SOB, shortness of breath; HgA1C, hemoglobin a1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PT, prothrombin time; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; LDH, lactic dehydrogenase; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; LOS, length of stay.

Table 3 Multiple Logistic Regression Analyses of Risk Factors Associated with Framingham Risk Score for COVID‐19 Patients

Risk Factor Variables	Framingham Risk Scoring
	Low Risk (< 10%) (ref)			Intermediate Risk (10–20%)			High Risk (> 20%)
	OR	95% CI	P value	OR	95% CI	P value	OR	95% CI	P value
Age (yr)	–	–	–	1.35	1.19, 1.54	< 0.001*	1.62	1.38, 1.90	< 0.001*
Male sex (vs female)	–	–	–	0.06	0.01, 0.43	0.005*	0.01	0.00, 0.04	< 0.001*
Smoker (vs non-smoker)	–	–	–	5.52	0.29, 104.99	0.256	7.09	0.13, 396.99	0.340
Comorbidity present (vs not present)
Hypertension	–	–	–	5.65	1.08, 29.33	0.039*	10.98	1.75, 68.95	0.011*
Diabetes mellitus	–	–	–	23.02	2.43, 218.28	0.006*	210.57	18.26, 2428.16	< 0.001*
Ischemic Heart Disease	–	–	–	0.07	0.00, 6.17	0.246	0.16	0.00, 15.64	0.430
Chronic Kidney Disease	–	–	–	2.66	0.07, 99.90	0.596	0.42	0.00, 21.34	0.668
Chronic lung Disease	–	–	–	6.99	0.59, 83.57	0.124	14.69	0.70, 308.08	0.083
Heart Failure	–	–	–	2.76	0.07, 98.62	0.578	3.75	0.08, 159.57	0.489
Cerebrovascular accident	–	–	–	0.31	0.01, 7.19	0.471	1.55	0.07, 31.73	0.777
Outcomes
Pneumonia	–	–	–	21.19	1.41, 318.65	0.027*	13.63	0.81, 229.50	0.070
ARDS	–	–	–	2.17	0.21, 21.99	0.512	5.59	0.40, 78.60	0.202
Mechanical Ventilation	–	–	–	0.91	0.12, 7.01	0.663	0. 45	0.04, 5.18	0.523
Shock	–	–	–	0.12	0.00, 3.14	0.205	0.07	0.00, 2.09	0.124
Acute Kidney Injury	–	–	–	1.94	0.29, 12.75	0.491	3.16	0.35, 28.83	0.308
Heart Failure	–	–	–	12.09	0.20, 733.84	0.234	13.29	0.20, 886.21	0.227
ICU patients	–	–	–	0.65	0.09, 3.38	0.529	0.93	0.11, 7.89	0.951
LOS (day)				1.06	1.01, 1.12	0.028*	1.05	0.98, 1.11	0.169
Death				0.45	0.05, 3.97	0.476	0.47	0.04, 6.29	0.570

Note: *Statistically significant.

Abbreviations: ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; ICU, intensive care unit; LOS, length of stay.