Geriatric Functional Impairment Using the Integrated Care for Older People (ICOPE) Approach in Community-Dwelling Elderly and Its Association with Dyslipidemia

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of All Participants

Characteristics	All N=457	65–74 N=299	≥ 75 N=158	p
Age	73 ± 6	69 ± 3	80 ± 5	< 0.001
SBP (mmHg)	142 ± 15	142 ± 15	143 ± 16	0.508
DBP (mmHg)	92 ± 8	92 ± 7	93 ± 9	0.190
Female (%)	252 (55.1)	160 (53.5)	92 (58.2)	0.387
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.2 ± 3.8	25.6 ± 3.8	24.5 ± 3.9	0.007
Waist circumference cm	87.0 ± 10.2	87.6 ± 10.1	85.7 ± 10.3	0.052
Calf circumference cm	33.5 ± 3.5	34.0 ± 3.4	32.6 ± 3.4	< 0.001
Hypertension	303 (66.3)	217 (72.6)	86 (54.4)	< 0.001
Diabetes	296 (64.8)	209 (69.9)	87 (55.1)	0.002
Dyslipidemia	221 (48.4)	153 (51.2)	68 (43.0)	0.120
ICOPE score	0.2 ± 0.5	0.1 ± 0.4	0.4 ± 0.6	< 0.001
Geriatric functional impairment	78 (17.1)	37 (12.4)	41 (25.9)	< 0.001
Cognitive decline	25 (5.5)	10 (3.3)	15 (9.5)	0.011
Limited mobility	13 (2.8)	3 (1)	10 (6.3)	0.003
Malnutrition	10 (2.2)	1 (0.3)	9 (5.1)	0.001
Visual impairment	32 (7.0)	18 (6.0)	14 (8.9)	0.348
Hearing loss	8 (1.8%)	4 (1.3)	4 (2.5)	0.582
Depressive symptoms	9 (2.0)	6 (2.0)	3 (1.9)	1.000
HbA1c %	6.9 ± 1.1	6.9 ± 1.1	6.7 ±1.0	0.158
Glucose (mg/dl)	112 ± 38	114 ± 42	108 ± 31	0.084
Creatinine (mg/dl)	1.2 ± 4.6	1.3 ± 5.7	1.0 ± 0.4	0.563
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m^2)	75.8 ± 21.3	79.5 ± 21.7	68.8 ± 18.7	< 0.001
LDL (mg/dl)	95 ± 28	96 ± 29	93 ± 27	0.205

Abbreviations: SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate by CKD-EPI formula; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 2 Characteristics of Participants with and without Geriatric Functional Impairment

Characteristics	Geriatric Functional Impairment (-) N=379	Geriatric Functional Impairment (+) N=78	p
Age (year)	72 ± 6	76 ± 8	< 0.001
Female (%)	209 (55.1)	43 (55.1)	1.000
BMI (kg/m^2)	25.3 ± 3.7	24.7 ± 4.3	0.182
Waist circumference (cm)	87 ± 10	86 ± 10	0.405
Calf circumference (cm)	33.6 ± 3.5	33.1 ± 2.9	0.261
Diabetes	250 (66.0)	46 (59.0)	0.295
Hypertension	248 (65.4)	55 (70.53)	0.464
Dyslipidemia	173 (45.6)	48 (61.5)	0.015
Number of comorbidity	2.0 ± 0.9	2.0 ± 0.9	0.919
HbA1c %	6.9 ± 1.1	7.0 ± 1.2	0.311
Glucose (mg/dl)	112 ± 39	112 ± 38	0.970
Creatinine (mg/dl)	1.3 ± 5.1	1.0 ± 0.4	0.439
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m^2)	76 ± 21	77 ± 21	0.686
LDL (mg/dl)	96 ± 28	92 ± 30	0.300

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate by CKD-EPI formula; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 3 Factors Associated with ICOPE (Integrated Care for Older People) Scores in Stepwise Linear Regression

Characteristics	Beta	95% CI		p
Age	0.02	0.01	0.03	< 0.001
Dyslipidemia	0.15	0.05	0.24	0.002
Hypertension	0.06	−0.04	0.16	0.3
Diabetes	0.00	−0.10	0.10	> 0.9
Female	−0.03	−0.14	0.09	0.6
BMI	−0.02	−0.04	0.00	0.075
Waist circumference	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.3
Calf circumference	0.01	−0.01	0.03	0.5
eGFR	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.13

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate by CKD-EPI formula.

Table 4 Factors Associated with Geriatric Functional Impairment and Functional Impairments in Stepwise Logistic Regression

	OR	95% CI	p
Geriatric functional impairment
Age (year)	1.10	1.05–1.14	< 0.001
Dyslipidemia	2.15	1.27–3.70	0.005
Hypertension	1.37	0.78–2.46	0.3
Diabetes	0.96	0.56–1.66	0.9
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2)	1.01	1.00–1.03	0.059
Cognitive decline
Age (year)	1.13	1.07–3.96	< 0.001
Dyslipidemia	3.81	7.60–69.75	< 0.001
Limited mobility
Female	5.87	1.13–32.31	0.04
eGFR	0.77	0.66–0.89	< 0.001
Malnutrition
BMI	0.81	0.66–0.97	0.03
eGFR	0.86	0.75–0.96	0.02
Visual impairment
eGFR	1.02	0.99–1.03	0.08
Hearing loss
Age (year)	1.14	1.01–1.28	0.03
Female	0.08	0.01–0.51	0.01
Depressive symptoms
Dyslipidemia	3.81	0.91–25.87	0.09

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate by CKD-EPI formula.