Differentiation of Diabetic Foot Ulcers Based on Stimulation of Myogenic Oscillations by Transient Ischemia

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of the Studied Population

Characteristics	All	Group A Q1 [%] (0–25)	Group B Q4 [%] (75–100)
	n = 42	n = 11	n = 11
Age [years]	57.9 ± 9.7	54.2 ± 12.0	56.4 ± 9.4
Male/Female	26/16	8/3	6/5
DM1/DM2	9/33	2/9	2/9
Disease duration [years]	17.6 ± 11.1	16.5 ± 5.4	19.0 ± 9.2
Body mass index (BMI) [kg/m^2]	29.7 ± 5.9	29.7 ± 3.8	29.8 ± 6.7
Smoking presence	11 (26.2)	5 (45.5)	1 (9.1)
Hypertension	32 (76.2)	7 (63.6)	10 (90.9)
Hyperlipidemia	20 (47.6)	5 (45.5)	7 (63.6)
Prevalent CVD	13 (31.0)	2 (18.2)	6 (54.5)
Retinopathy	29 (69.0)	8 (72.7)	8 (72.7)
Neuropathy	10 (23.8)	0 (0.0)	4 (36.4)
Nephropathy	4 (9.5)	0 (0.0)	3 (27.3)
HbA1c [%]	8.6 ± 2.1	9.3 ± 1.8	9.4 ± 3.2
HRindex [%]	8.2 ± 2.9	8.7 ± 1.5	6.9 ± 1.9
HRmax [%]	13.5 ± 3.5	13.1 ± 3.4	12.9 ± 3.9
FM	20.8 ± 13.5	26.9 ± 14.4	15.3 ± 4.7
FM(R)	42.0 ± 26.5	78.1 ± 18.8	19.7 ± 12.7
HS	21.6 ± 20.3	50.2 ± 18.3	4.3 ± 1.7

Notes: Continuous variables, mean ± SD; dichotomous variables, no. (%).

Table 2 Measured FMSF Parameters for Groups: A – the Quarter of the Patients with the Highest HS Values and B – the Quarter of the Patients with the Lowest HS Values

Code	Sex	DM Type	HRindex [%]	HRmax [%]	FM	FM(R)	HS
Group A
0119	M	2	8.5	13.2	58.3	86.7	77.4
105	M	2	10.7	17.3	20.5	83.7	75.8
0057	F	2	6.8	8.5	34.3	77.7	71.3
1031	F	2	9.4	13.9	9.8	84.0	61.5
5014	M	1	10.1	18.2	31.1	116.3	50.8
5015	F	2	8.6	10.1	2.9	51.4	41.5
1032	M	2	10.8	15.0	26.0	59.0	39.3
1014	M	1	6.8	14.2	26.2	86.8	39.1
1029	M	2	7.6	13.7	35.0	89.4	35.9
2019	M	2	7.3	7.2	29.4	70.3	32.5
0054	M	2	9.3	13.1	22.0	53.6	26.7
Mean			8.7	13.1	26.9	78.1	50.2
Standard deviation			1.5	3.4	14.4	18.8	18.3
Group B
124	F	1	8.7	12.3	17.8	13.0	8.0
132	M	2	5.6	17.7	10.8	52.8	6.7
0060	M	2	4.8	10.5	16.0	18.5	4.7
140	M	2	8.1	12.1	11.5	8.9	4.5
0074	F	2	8.7	13.6	16.1	23.9	4.1
125	F	1	9.4	17.4	6.1	15.0	4.1
2025	M	2	7.1	14.8	19.5	28.3	4.0
1042	F	2	6.4	8.2	18.7	13.4	3.6
0059	M	2	5.6	10.3	18.9	19.1	3.1
0129	M	2	3.2	6.3	10.9	6.3	2.9
205	F	2	8.4	18.4	21.5	17.1	1.9
Mean			6.9	12.9	15.3	19.7	4.3
Standard deviation			1.9	3.9	4.7	12.7	1.7

Figure 1 Comparison of HR_index parameter for groups A and B.

Figure 2 Exemplary FMSF traces recorded for two patients with diabetic foot ulcers: (A) group A, code 5015, female, age 41 y., DM2, (B) group B, code 125, female, age 40 y., DM1.

Figure 3 Significant changes in FMSF traces recorded at different time points for one patient (group A, code 1032, male, age 67 y., DM2): (A) first measurement, (B) measurement performed after a year.