Cardiovascular Disease-Associated Skin Conditions

Figures & data

Table 1 Broad Characteristics of Skin Diseases According to Cardiovascular Risk Association

	Common Pathogenic Features	Cardiovascular Risk Factors	Non-Specific Inflammation
Traditionally CVD-associated diseases	Demonstrated or widely accepted	Increased or more prevalent traditional or non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors, Framingham Score or European Score demonstrated high	Widely accepted chronic inflammation as a part of the pathogenic process
Emergent CVD-associated diseases	None or poorly studied	Increased in one or more traditional or non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors	Chronic inflammation described as a part of the pathogenic process

Table 2 CVD-Associated Skin Diseases

Skin Disease	Common Features	Cardiovascular Risk Factors	Non-Specific Inflammation	Management Key Points	References
Psoriasis	IL-23/Th17 pathway, M1 monocyte phenotype	Especially important*	Especially important	Disease treatment, avoid flares-up, treat, and assess cardiovascular risk, achieve remission	[^Citation7^–^Citation30]
Hidradenitis Suppurativa	IL-32, Neo-angiogenesis	Especially important	Important	Disease treatment, avoid flares-up, treat, and assess cardiovascular risk, achieve remission	[^Citation31^–^Citation42]
Cutaneous Lupus	INFα, TNFα and Th1 Lymphocytes, M1 monocyte phenotype	Especially important	Important^#	Assess and treat cardiovascular risk factors, continuously assess for SLE	[^Citation56^–^Citation64]
Rosacea	ADAMDEC1 (1 study)	Especially important	Mildly important^°	Assess and treat cardiovascular risk factors	[^Citation43^–^Citation55]
Atopic Dermatitis	b-thromboglobulin, platelet factor 4 (1 study)	Mildly important	Important	Control inflammatory state, assess and treat cardiovascular risk factors	[^Citation65^–^Citation71]
Acne	Non-specific features	Important	Important	Assess and treat cardiovascular risk factors, control infection and inflammatory state	[^Citation72^–^Citation74]
Xantelasma Palpebrarum	High total cholesterol and ApoB (1 study)	Especially important	Non-Important	Assess and treat cardiovascular risk factors, especially lipid profile	[^Citation75,Citation76]
Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria	Non-specific features	Mildly important	Important	Assess and treat cardiovascular risk factors, control inflammatory state	[^Citation77^–^Citation81]
Male Androgenetic alopecia	Non-specific features	Especially important	Non-Important^&	Assess and treat cardiovascular risk factors	[^Citation82^–^Citation85]
Calciphylaxis	Non-specific features	Important	Especially important	Assess and treat cardiovascular risk factors, control inflammatory state	[^Citation86^–^Citation89]
Seborrheic Dermatitis	Non-specific features	Important	Mildly important	Assess and treat cardiovascular risk factors	[^Citation90^–^Citation92]
Vitiligo	Non-specific features	Important	Mildly important	Assess and treat cardiovascular risk factors	[^Citation93^–^Citation96]

Notes: *Especially important: Referred to a critical aspect of the cardiovascular risk; ^#Important: Referred to an essential element of cardiovascular risk but without enough data available; ^°Mildly important: Some reports are mentioning this point as a possible feature in cardiovascular risk; ^&non-important: there is no data available of this feature in current literature.

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