Diabetes prevalence and metabolic risk profile in an unselected population visiting pharmacies in Switzerland

Figures & data

Table 1 Participant characteristics (total n = 3135)

	Variable available*	Total** %/mean ± SD	SUI-GER*** %/mean ± SD	SUI-FR/IT*** %/mean ± SD	P value for GER versus FR/IT
Total (n)	3135		1681	1454
Male	2935	26.5	27.1	25.8	0.429
Age (years)	3047	56.1 ± 16.6	57.5 ± 16.5	54.6 ± 16.4	<0.001
Body weight (kg)	2997	69.4 ± 14.2	69.7 ± 14.1	69.1 ± 14.3	0.249
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	2983	24.9 ± 4.3	24.9 ± 4.2	24.9 ± 4.3	0.417
Blood glucose (mmol/L)	2989	6.0 ± 1.5	6.0 ± 1.5	6.0 ± 1.5	0.221
Fasting state	3120	23.0	19.1	27.6	<0.001
Known diabetes	3091	4.2	3.6	5.0	0.063
OAD	131	67.2	55.0	77.5
BOT	131	2.3	3.3	1.4
Insulin	131	6.1	10.0	2.8
No drugs	131	24.4	31.7	18.3
Family history of diabetes
Father	3058	9.0	8.1	10.1	0.054
Mother	3077	13.6	13.0	14.2	0.363
High birthweight (women)	2824	7.3	8.0	6.5	0.136
Hypertension	3090	25.0	24.1	26.0	0.205
Blood pressure (mmHg)	412
Systolic	410	138.1 ± 15.1	139.5 ± 13.9	137.0 ± 16.0	0.046
Diastolic	409	82.5 ± 10.6	82.1 ± 9.9	82.9 ± 11.2	0.091
Hypercholesterolemia	2951	16.0	14.8	17.3	0.067
Smoking	3124	17.7	15.7	20.0	0.002
Physical exercise	3003
No/minimal	614	21.8	13.6	31.1	<0.001
Moderate	1750	58.3	62.8	53.2
Strenuous	599	19.9	23.6	15.8
History of myocardial infarction	3116	2.3	2.4	2.3	0.977
History of stroke	3095	1.5	1.2	1.9	0.129

Notes:

* Variable available together with regional (canton) information;

** variable available;

*** variable available and belonging to the region.

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; OAD, oral antidiabetic drug; BOT, basal insulin assisted oral antidiabetic treatment; SUI-FR/IT, French/Italian-speaking part of Switzerland; SUI-GER, German speaking part of Switzerland.

Table 2 Metabolic profile in participants

	Without known diabetes						Known diabetes n (% of known diabetes)
	Total (variable available)*	Normal n (% of total)	Indeterminate n (% of total)	IFG n (% of total)	New diabetes n (% of total)	P value**
Total (n; % of total)	2952	1275 (43.2)	1284 (43.5)	354 (11.5)	59 (2.0)		131 (4.2)
Fasting (n, %)	670	360 (53.7)	37 (5.5)	236 (35.2)	37 (5.5)	<0.001	49 (6.9)
Nonfasting (n, %)	2376	934 (40.3)	1259 (54.3)	103 (4.4)	23 (1.0)		82 (3.5)
Age ≥ median (n, %)	1426	517 (36.3)	690 (48.4)	182 (12.8)	37 (2.6)	<0.001	104 (6.9)
Male gender (n, %)	723	298 (41.2)	314 (43.3)	87 (12.0)	24 (3.3)	0.011	51 (6.7)
BMI ≥ 25 kg/m^2 (n, %)	1204	459 (38.1)	564 (46.8)	146 (12.1)	35 (2.9)	<0.001	80 (6.3)
Risk factors for DM
Family history of DM (n, %)	583	241 (41.3)	251 (43.1)	76 (13.0)	15 (2.6)	0.241	49 (7.8)
Father (n, %)	263	117 (44.5)	105 (39.9)	36 (13.7)	5 (1.9)	0.529	13 (4.7)
Mother (n, %)	375	143 (38.1)	171 (45.6)	50 (13.3)	11 (2.9)	0.072	42 (10.2)
High birthweight (n, %)	198	77 (38.9)	97 (49.0)	20 (10.1)	4 (2.0)	0.436	7 (3.4)
Risk factors (other)
Hypertension (n, %)	687	231 (33.6)	345 (50.2)	83 (12.1)	28 (4.1)	<0.001	84 (11.1)
Hypercholesterolemia (n, %)	411	142 (34.5)	201 (48.9)	54 (13.1)	14 (3.4)	<0.001	57 (12.4)
Smoking (n, %)	529	192 (36.3)	238 (45.0)	83 (15.7)	16 (3.0)	<0.001	24 (4.4)
No/minimal physical exercise (n, %)	618	255 (41.3)	270 (43.7)	78 (12.6)	15 (2.4)	0.096	34 (5.3)
Cardiovascular events
History of MI (n, %)	55	17 (30.9)	30 (54.5)	8 (14.5)	0 (0.0)	0.157	17 (23.6)
History of stroke (n, %)	40	16 (40.0)	18 (45.0)	4 (10.0)	2 (5.0)	0.583	6 (13.6)

Notes:

* Variable available together with information on blood glucose classification;

** comparison across normal, indeterminate, IFG, and diabetes.

Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; SD, standard deviation; MI, myocardial infarction.

Figure 1 Prevalence of diabetes.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; IFG, impaired fasting glucose.

Table 3 Distribution of glucose control by region and canton based on a total survey population of 3135

Region/canton	Inhabitants (×1000)	Number of participants	IFG n (% of participants)	Newly diagnosed diabetes n (% of participants)	Known diabetes n (% of participants)
SUI-GER	4688	1681	174 (10.4)	32 (1.9)	60 (3.6)
Aargau	600	143	8 (5.6)	5 (3.5)	4 (2.8)
Bern	974	403	36 (8.9)	8 (2.0)	12 (3.0)
Basel-Land	173	38	3 (7.9)	0 (0)	2 (5.3)
Basel-Stadt	188	300	45 (15.0)	6 (2.0)	9 (3.0)
Graubünden	192	203	11 (5.4)	1 (0.5)	6 (3.0)
Luzern	372	91	7 (7.7)	2 (2.2)	9 (9.9)
St Gallen	474	150	14 (9.3)	2 (1.3)	2 (1.3)
Solothurn	253	16	3 (18.7)	0 (0)	0 (0.0)
Zug	111	50	4 (8.0)	3 (6.0)	1 (2.0)
Zurich	1351	283	41 (14.5)	5 (1.8)	15 (5.3)
SUI-FR/IT	2482	1454	185 (12.7)	27 (1.9)	71 (4.9)
Fribourg	273	299	28 (9.4)	5 (1.7)	9 (3.0)
Geneva	453	425	73 (17.2)	7 (1.6)	34 (8.0)
Jura	70	99	5 (5.0)	2 (2.0)	1 (1.0)
Neuchatel	171	249	28 (11.2)	4 (1.6)	13 (5.2)
Schaffhausen	171	4	2 (50.0)	0 (0)	0 (0.0)
Tessin	335	267	43 (16.1)	8 (3.0)	9 (3.4)
Waadtland*	701	12	2 (16.7)	0 (0)	1 (8.3)
Wallis	308	103	6 (5.8)	1 (1.0)	4 (3.9)
Total	7776	3135	359 (11.5)	59 (1.9)	131 (4.1)

Note:

* Participation was low due to another concomitant study.

Abbreviations: IFG, impaired fasting glucose; SUI-FR/IT, French/Italian-speaking part of Switzerland; SUI-GER, German speaking part of Switzerland.