A Scoping Review of Predictors Associated with Self-Efficacy Among Patients with Coronary Heart Disease

Figures & data

Figure 1 PRISMA Flow Diagram.

Notes: PRISMA figure adapted from Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021; 372: n71. Creative Commons.³³

Table 1 Characteristics of Study

Study	Design	Country	Sample		Findings			Critical Appraisal
			Size	Mean Age	Level of SE	Category of SE	Predictors of SE
[20]	Cross-Sectional Study	Nepal	170	60.45 ± 10.39	37.14 ± 7.32	Min-max (16–52)	Age (B: −0.23; SE: 0.052) (p<0.000)*** The period since diagnosis (first time) (B: 0.68; SE: 0.0341) (p=0.048)*** Cardiac knowledge (B: 0.475; SE: 0.145) (p=0.001)*** Cardiac health behaviour (B: 0.432; SE: 0.078) (p<0.000)***	6/8 75%
[24]	Cross-Sectional Study	Iran	391	54.15 ± 15.77	Low (43.2%)	3 Categories (Low, Moderate, and High)	Perception of caring behaviours (r: 0.16; p=0.001)*	6/8 75%
[25]	Cross-Sectional Study	Swedia	157	68 ± 8.5	3.13 ± 0.52	N/I	Gender (Male) (B:-0.20, 95%CI:−0.039−(−0.005)) (p=0.045)*** Age (B:0.008, 95%CI: −0.010–0.010) (p=0.005)*** Living alone (B:−0.24, 95%CI:−0.43−(−0.05)) (p=0.011)*** Current self-rated health (B:0.008, 95%CI: 0.004−0.013) (p<0.001)*** Well being (B: 0.065, 95%CI:0.021−0.109) (p=0.004)***	8/8 100%
[27]	Cross-Sectional Study	China	451	N/I	21.62 ± 3.54 (Moderate)	3 Categories (Low, Moderate, and High)	Patient activation (patient awareness of the disease and initiative to participate) (r=0.740, p<0.01) Social support (B: 0.485, SE: 0.03, t: 11.766) (p<0.001)***	8/8 100%
[14]	Cross-Sectional Study	Korea	214	60.71 ± 10.07	39.2	N/I	Occupation (unemployed) (B: 0.17; SE: 0.970) (p=0.01)*** Diagnosis Stable Angina (B: 0.20; SE: 1.22) (p=0.02)*** BMI (B:-0.17; SE: 0.16) (p=0.01)*** Awareness of risk factors (B: 0.16; SE: 0.35) (p=0.02)*** CAD knowledge (B: 2.02; SE: 0.98) (p=0.04)***	6/8 75%
[26]	Cross-Sectional Study	UK	248	65.3 ± 10.8	3.63 ± 0.59	N/I	Exercise outcome expectation (B: 0.16, 95%CI: 0.02–0.21) (p=0.013)*** History of heart problem (B: −0.146, 95%CI −0.522 – (−0.040)) (p=0.023)*** Gender (B= 0.138, 95%CI 0.01–0.32) (p=0.040)***	6/8 75%
[22]	Cross-Sectional Study	Hong Kong	85	64.5 ± 10.8	60.4	N/I	Age (OR: 0.17, 95%CI: 0.001−0.33) (p=0.049)*** Female (OR:−0.45, 95%CI: −8.69−0.45) (p=0.030)*** BMI (OR:−0.50, 95%CI: −0.98−0.01) (p=0.044)*** Social support (OR: 0.22, 95%CI: 0.13–0.32) (p<0.001)*** Social drinker (OR: −0.53, 95%CI:−8.97−1.63) (p=0.005)***	7/8 87.5%
[11]	Cross-Sectional Study	Indonesia	112	55–64 (54.5%)	3.60	(Min-max) (2.90–4.00)	Religiosity (r: 0.54; p=0.001)*	8/8 100%
[23]	Cross-Sectional Study	Iran	136	58.85	29.24 ± 8.2	(Min-max) (9–50)	Personal strength (B: 0.474; SE: 0.18; t: 2.7) (p=0.01)*** Tolerance for negative emotions (B: 0.38; SE: 0.19; t: 1.98) (p=0.04)***	7/8 87.5%
[16]	Cross-Sectional Study	Indonesia	150	57.3 ± 9.19	47 ± 4.97	(Min-max) (28–64)	Psychological well-being (r: 0.41; p=0.0.18)**	6/8 75%
[36]	Cross-Sectional Study	US	50	65 ± 1.6	52 ± 25	N/I	Income (p<0.05)** Level of education (p=0.04)**	8/8 100%

Notes: *Spearman rank test, **Pearson Correlation, ***Multiple Linear Regressions.

Abbreviations: BMI, Body Mass Index; CAD, Coronary Artery Disease; CI, Confidence Interval; N/I, Not Information; OR, Odd Ratio; SE, Standard Error.

Table 2 Predictors of Cardiac Self-Efficacy

Predictors	Highest Ratio OR (95% CI) or B (SE)	Lowest Ratio OR (95% CI) or B (SE)	r Correlation	Category of Predictor	Ref
Demographic Characteristics
Age	−0.23 (0.052)	0.008 (−0.010–0.010)	-	Low	[20,22,25]
Gender
- Male	−0.20 (−0.039−0.005)	−0.20 (−0.039−0.005)	-	Low	[25]
- Female	−0.45 (−8.69−0.45)	−0.45 (−8.69−0.45)	-	Low	[26]
Occupation	0.17 (0.970)	0.17 (0.970)	-	Low	[14]
BMI	−0.50 (−0.98−0.01)	−0.17 (0.16)	-	Moderate	[14,22]
Income	p<0.05*	p<0.05*	p<0.05*	Uncategorized	[36]
Level of education	p=0.04*	p=0.04*	p=0.04*	Uncategorized	[36]
Living alone	−0.24 (−0.43−)(−0.05)	−0.24 (−0.43−)(−0.05)	-	Low	[25]
Health Perception, Knowledge, and Awareness of the Illness
Perception of caring behaviours	-	-	r=0.16	Low	[24]
Perception of Current self-rated health	0.008 (0.004−0.013)	0.008 (0.004−0.013)	-	Low	[25]
Patient activation (patient awareness)	-	-	r=0.74	High	[27]
Exercise outcome expectation	0.16 (0.02–0.21)	0.16 (0.02–0.21)	-	Low	[27]
Cardiac Knowledge	2.02 (0.98)	0.475 (0.145)	-	High	[14,20]
Environment Factors
Social Support	0.485 (0.03)	0.22 (0.13–0.32)	-	Low	[22,27]
Social Drinker	−0.53 (−8.97−1.63)	−0.53 (−8.97−1.63)	-	Moderate	[22]
Health Behaviour
Cardiac Health Behaviour	0.432 (0.078)	0.432 (0.078)	-	Low	[20]
Medical History
Period since diagnosed	0.68 (0.0341)	0.68 (0.0341)	-	Moderate	[20]
Diagnosis stable angina	0.20 (1.22)	0.20 (1.22)	-	Low	[14]
Psychological Factors
Psychological well-being	0.065 (0.021−0.109)	0.065 (0.021−0.109)	-	Low	[16,25]
Personal strength	0.474 (0.18)	0.474 (0.18)	-	Low	[23]
Tolerance for negative emotions	0.38 (0.19)	0.38 (0.19)	-	Low	[23]
Religiosity	-	-	r=0.54	Moderate	[11]

Notes: *Pearson Correlation with Significant at p<0.05.

Abbreviations: BMI, Body Mass Index; CI, Confidence Interval; OR, Odd Ratio; SE, Standard Error.

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