Prevalence and Factors Associated with Hypertension Among HIV Positive Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy: A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Rwanda

Figures & data

Table 1 Descriptive Statistics of Socio-Demographic, Lifestyle and Clinical Characteristics of the Study Participants (n=406)

Variable	Frequency	Percentage
Age; Mean (standard deviation)	37.91 (SD=2.12)
Age group
14–40 years	205	50.5
41–62 years	201	49.5
Sex
Female	212	52.2
Male	195	47.8
Occupation
None	25	6.1
Business	67	16.5
Civil servant	8	2.0
Farmer	306	75.4
Religion
Christian	343	84.4
Muslim	23	5.7
None	40	9.9
Marital status
Single	65	16.0
Cohabiting	48	11.8
Married	231	56.9
Widowed	41	10.1
Divorced/Separated	21	5.2
Education level
None	37	9.1
Primary	275	67.7
Secondary	85	20.9
Tertiary	9	2.2
Social category
Category 1	111	27.3
Category 2	199	49.0
Category 3	96	23.7
Alcohol consumers
No	260	64.04
Yes	146	35.96
Tobacco smoking
No	376	92.6
Yes	30	7.4
Physical activity
Active	290	71.4
Less active	116	28.6
Nutritional status
Underweight (<18.6 kg/m^2)	NA	NA
Normal (18.6–24.9 kg/m^2)	219	53.9
Overweight or obesity (25 and plus kg/m^2)	187	46.1
Duration living with HIV
0–3 years	153	37.7
More than 3 years	253	62.3
ART duration
Less than 1 year	132	32.5
1 year and above	274	67.5
Hypertension
Yes	91	22.4
No	315	77.6

Abbreviations: NA, Not applicable since there were not data on this variable; HIV, Human immunodeficiency virus.

Table 2 Prevalence of Hypertension by Socio-Demographic, Lifestyle and Clinical Characteristics and Bivariate Analysis of Factors Associated Hypertension

Variables	Total	No Hypertension		Hypertension		COR	95% CI		p-value
		N	%	N	%
Age group
14–40yrs	205	179	87.32	26	12.68	1
41yrs and above	201	136	67.66	65	32.34	3.29	1.98, 5.46		<0.001***
Sex
Male	212	164	77.36	48	22.64	1
Female	194	151	77.84	43	22.16	0.97	0.61, 1.55		0.908
Religion
None	40	29	72.5	11	27.5	1
Christian	343	267	77.84	76	22.16	0.75	0.36, 1.57		0.447
Muslim	23	19	77.59	4	17.39	0.56	0.15, 2		0.368
Occupation
None	25	19	76	6	24	1
Business	67	49	73.13	18	26.87	1.16	0.4, 3.37		0.781
Civil servant	8	7	87.5	1	12.5	0.45	0.05, 4.46		0.497
Farmer	306	240	78.34	66	21.57	0.87	0.33, 2.27		0.777
Education
None	37	31	83.78	6	16.22	1
Primary	275	212	77.09	63	22.91	1.53		0.61, 3.85	0.36
Secondary	85	64	75.29	21	24.71	1.69		0.62, 4.62	0.303
Tertiary	9	8	88.89	1	11.11	0.65		0.07, 6.16	0.704
Marital status
Single	65	50	76.92	15	23.08	1
Cohabiting	48	40	83.33	8	16.67	0.67		0.26, 1.73	0.405
Married	231	179	77.49	52	22.51	0.97		0.50, 1.86	0.923
Widowed	41	30	73.17	11	26.83	1.22		0.5, 3.01	0.662
Divorced/Separated	21	16	76.19	5	23.81	1.04		0.33, 3.32	0.945
Social category
Category 1	111	82	73.87	29	26.13	1
Category 2	199	154	77.39	45	22.61	0.83		0.48, 1.42	0.487
Category 3	96	79	82.29	17	17.71	0.61		0.31, 1.19	0.148
Alcohol consumption
No	260	216	83.08	44	16.92
Yes	146	99	67.81	47	32.19	2.33		1.45, 3.75	<0.001***
Tobacco use or smoking
No	376	307	81.65	69	18.35	1
Yes	30	8	26.67	22	73.33	12.24		5.23, 28.63	<0.001***
Physical activity
Active	291	221	75.95	70	24.05	1
Less active	115	94	81.74	21	18.26	3.08		1.03, 9.22	0.021*
Family history of hypertension
No	395	310	78.48	85	21.52	1
Yes	11	5	45.54	6	54.55	4.38		1.3, 14.69	0.017*
CD4 cell count (copies/mL)
<200 copies/mL	103	89	86.41	14	13.59	1
200–400 copies/mL	129	97	75.19	32	24.81	0.84		0.71, 0.99	0.021*
>400 copies/mL	168	129	76.79	39	23.21	0.62		0.43, 0.88	0.013*
Viral loads (copies/mL)
Less than 1000	260	226	87	34	13	1
More than 1000	146	109	74.7	37	25.3	2.32		0.12, 4.81	0.062
ART regimen
TDF+3TC+EFV	102	81	79.41	21	1
TDF+3TC	80	57	71.25	23	28.75	1.01		0.95, 1.08	0.054
ABC+3TC	79	67	84.81	12	15.19	0.99		0.92, 1.06	0.082
AZT+3TC+NVP	98	76	77.55	22	22.45	0.84		0.67–1.05	0.056
AZT+3TC	47	34	72.34	13	27.66	1.03		0.95, 1.13	0.124
Family history of diabetes
No	393	311	79.13	82	20.87	1
Yes	13	4	30.77	9	69.23	8.53		2.56, 28.41	<0.001***
Being diabetic
No	400	314	78.5	86	21.5	1
Yes	6	1	16.67	5	83.33	2.1		1.83, 5.8	0.008**
Duration living with HIV
0–3 years	153	120	78.43	33	58
>3 years	253	195	77.08	21.57	22.92	1.08		0.67,1.76	0.751
ART duration
Less than 1 year	132	100	75.76	32	24.24	1
More than 1 year	274	215	78.47	59	21.53	0.86		0.52,1.4	0.54
BMI
Underweight	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Normal	219	179	81.74	40	18.26	1
Overweight & obese	187	136	72.73	51	27.27	1.68		1.05,2.69	0.031*

Notes: *Significant at 5%, **Significant at 1%; ***Significant at 0.1%; Social category: This research solely enrolled individuals classified within the first (the poorest people) to third social categories (poor people) due to the absence of participants from higher categories in the ART sessions. Nonetheless, it’s worth noting that the study area predominantly comprises people falling within these initial three social categories.

Abbreviations: NA, Not applicable since there were not data on this variable; TDF, Tenofovir; EFV, Efavirenz; ABC, Abacavir; 3TC, Lamivudine; EFV, Efavirenz; NVP, Nevirapine, AZT, Zidovudine.

Table 3 Multivariate Analysis for the Associated Factors of Hypertension in PLWH

Variables	Multiple Regression Models Analysis
	AOR	95% Confidence Internals	p-value
Socio-demographic characteristics
Age group
14–40 years	1
41 years and above	4.49	2.45, 8.21	<0.001***
Alcohol consumption
No	1
Yes	5.5	2.75, 10.9	<0.001***
Tobacco smoking
No	1
Yes	12.12	4.48, 32.74	<0.001***
Family history of hypertension
No	1
Yes	4.28	1.01, 18.13	0.049*
Family history of diabetes
No	1
Yes	12.02	2.83, 51.10	0.052
Diabetics
No	1
Yes	4.50	2.55, 7.95	0.018*
Physical activity
Active	1
Less active	3.91	1.12, 13.62	<0.01**
CD4 + Counts gain (Cells/mL)
<200 copies/mL	1
200–400 copies/mL	0.62	0.43, 0.89	<0.001***
>400 copies/mL	0.84	0.71, 0.99	<0.001***
BMI
Underweight (<18.6kg/m^2)	NA
Normal (18.6–24.9 kg/m^2)	1
Overweight and obesity (25 and plus kg/m^2)	1.91	1.11, 3.3	0.02*

Notes: *Significant at 5%, **Significant at 1%; ***Significant at 0.1%.

Abbreviations: NA, Not applicable since there were not data on this variable; AOR, Adjusted odds ratio; BMI, Body Mass Index; COR, Crude Odd ratio; AOR, Adjusted odds ratio; CI, Confidence Intervals.

Data Sharing Statement

The datasets used and/or analysed during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.