Health Literacy, Self-Care Behaviors, and Biochemical Parameters Among Hypertensive Patients with Renal Complications in the Tai Lue Ethnic Community of Thailand

Figures & data

Figure 1 Conceptual framework.

Figure 2 Location of this study area in Chiang Kham District in Phayao, Thailand.

Notes: Adapted from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Thailand_Phayao_locator_map.svg.²¹

Table 1 The Level of Health Literacy, Self-Care Behaviors, and Blood Biological Parameters Among Participants (n=405)

Variables	N (%)
Health Literacy
Functional Literacy level (scores 0–21)	168(41.50%)
Interactive Literacy level (scores 22–27)	114(28.10%)
Critical Literacy level (scores 28–36)	123(30.40%)
Mean ± SD	22.46±6.15
Min. – Max.	5–33
Self -Care Behaviors
Low level (scores 0–72)	122(30.20%)
Moderate level (scores 73–95)	152(37.50%)
High level (scores 96–120)	131(32.30%)
Mean ± SD	86.17±15.48
Min. – Max.	59–115
Systolic blood pressure (SBP)
<140 mm/Hg	264(65.20%)
>140 mm/Hg	141(34.80%)
Mean ± SD	133.46±13.09
Min. – Max.	91–184
Diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
<90 mm/Hg.	356 (87.90%)
>90 mm/Hg	49(12.10%)
Mean ± SD	78.35±8.69
Min. – Max.	54–103
Chemical indicators;
Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)
Stage 1 (≥90 mL./min/1.73 m²)	88(21.70%)
Stage 2 (60–89 mL./min/1.73 m²)	268(66.20%)
Stage 3 (30–59 mL./min/1.73 m²)	48(11.90%)
Stage 4 (15–29 mL./min/1.73 m²)	1(0.20%)
Stage 5 (<15 mL./min/1.73 m²)	0(0.00%)
Mean ± SD	77.19±14.04
Min. – Max.	27.47–99.16
Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS)
Normal (<110 mg/dl)	345(85.20%)
Abnormal (≥110 mg/dl)	60(14.80%)
Mean ± SD	96.99±17.34
Min. – Max.	70–195

Table 2 Pearson Correlation Coefficients (r) Between Each Domain of Health Literacy Among Participants

Health literacy	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
1. Total HL score	1
2. Access	0.788*	1
3. Cognitive	0.729*	0.556*	1
4. Communication	0.788*	0.486*	0.478*	1
5. Decision	0.835*	0.572*	0.474*	0.648*	1
6. Self-management	0.770*	0.535*	0.423*	0.574*	0.610*	1
7. Media	0.725*	0.460*	0.486*	0.451*	0.534*	0.469*	1

Notes:*Significance at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Table 3 Pearson Correlation Coefficients (r) Between Health Literacy, Self-Care Behaviors, Blood Pressure, FBS, and eGFR Among Participants

	HL	SCB	SBP	DBP	FBS	EGFR
Total HL score	1
Self-care behavior score	0.858*	1
SBP	−0.420*	−0.486*	1
DBP	−0.199*	−0.225*	0.387*	1
FBS	−0.251*	−0.318*	0.223*	0.143*	1
EGFR	0.487*	0.504*	−0.375*	−0.195*	−0.235*	1

Notes:*Significance at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Table 4 SCB and Other Factors Associated with BP Level Among Participants Using Stepwise Linear Regression, Separately by Sex

Factor	B	S.E.	Beta	P-value	95% CI	R^2
SBP - Male						31.7%
Food taste
Salty	6.214	1.997	0.255	0.002	2.265, 10.162
Other	Ref.
Self-care behavior (score)	−0.310	0.066	−0.384	<0.001	−0.441, −0.179
SBP - Female						26.3%
Food taste
Salty	4.870	2.022	0.172	0.017	0.888, 8.853
Other	Ref.
Receiving information
By health volunteer	−6.872	1.940	−0.194	<0.001	−10.692, −3.052
By radio/TV/announcements	−3.579	1.745	−0.125	0.041	−7.016, −0.142
Other	Ref.
Self-care behavior (score)	−0.208	0.068	−0.236	0.002	−0.341, −0.075
DBP - Male						6.6%
Self-care behavior (score)	−0.145	0.045	−0.257	0.002	−0.234, −0.055
DBP - Female						5.6%
BMI (kg/m^2)	3.211	1.106	0.176	0.004	1.034, 5.388
Food taste
Salty	0.385	0.149	0.157	0.010	0.092, 0.677
Other	Ref.

Abbreviation: Ref, Reference group.

Table 5 SCB and Other Factors Associated with FBS and eGFR Among Participants Using Stepwise Linear Regression

Factor	B	S.E.	Beta	P-value	95% CI	R^2
FBS						17.8%
BMI (kg/m^2)	0.544	0.248	0.105	0.029	0.057, 1.032
Food taste
Sweet	13.899	2.850	0.234	<0.001	8.295, 19.502
Other	Ref.
Self-care behavior (score)	−0.289	0.052	−0.258	<0.001	−0.391, −0.187
EGFR						35.0%
Age (years)	−0.512	0.094	−0.249	<0.001	−0.696, −0.328
Occupation
Employed	2.547	1.277	0.090	0.047	0.035, 5.058
Unemployed	Ref.
Food taste
Bland	4.071	1.494	0.143	0.007	1.133, 7.009
Other	Ref.
Receiving information
By family	3.534	1.193	0.126	0.003	1.189, 5.879
Other	Ref.
Self-care behavior (score)	0.310	0.049	0.342	<0.001	0.214, 0.407

Abbreviation: Ref, Reference group.

NordNordWest. Locator map of Phayao Province, Thailand. Available from: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Thailand_Phayao_locator_map.svg. Accessed January 1, 2024.

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Data Sharing Statement

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study will be available upon reasonable request from the first author. Email: [email protected]