Lipidomics in vascular health: current perspectives

Figures & data

Figure 1 Atherosclerotic changes of various cells, as detected by NMRS or mass spectrometry/liquid chromatography methods.

Abbreviations: FA, fatty acid; oxLDL, oxidized low-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; eLDL, enzymatically-modified low-density lipoprotein; NMRS, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; IsoPs, isoprostanes; EC, endothelial cell; TP, thromboxane A2 receptor; IsoPRs, isoprostane receptors; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; PKA, protein kinase A; SMC, smooth muscle cell; ECM, extracellular matrix.

Table 1 Various technologies and techniques at the forefront of lipidomics evaluation

Name of the technique	Purpose of the technique
MS
1. Tandem MS (MS/MS or MS^Citation2)	Used in industry and research fields for drug discovery, diagnostics, and bioanalyses.^Citation54,Citation55
2. Direct-infusion MS without prior chromatographic separation  PIS  NL	Exploits the chemical and physical properties of each lipid class to facilitate the high-throughput analysis of a cellular lipidome directly from the organic extracts of biological samples.^Citation56
3. MDMS-SL	Covers the quantitative analysis of various classes of glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and glycerolipids.^Citation56
4. Soft ionization techniques (ESI and MALDI)	Analyzed carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleotides, as well as organic and inorganic compounds.^Citation48,Citation57
LSI-MS	Mono- and polyhydroxylated fatty acids.^Citation49
ESI	Identifies the major species of ceramide, SM, PC, lysoPC, PE, and its derivatives, such as FC and CEs.^Citation48
MALDI-QIT-TOF-MS/MS approach	Investigates atherogenic dyslipidemia in young patients with familial hyperlipidemia.^Citation27
MALDI-IMS	Performs lipid analysis, avoiding extraction and/or separation steps, and displays the in situ information.^Citation58,Citation59
5. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy	Principal enabling technology to tackle the lipidome.^Citation56
Based on the measurement of the magnetic spin of nuclei (^1H, ^13C, and ^31P) contained in the metabolites of interest	Lipid–protein interactions, identification of the structure of lipid membranes.^Citation35,Citation60
Fluorescence spectroscopy
Fluorescence-activated cell sorting	Isolation of cells that show desirable characteristics by flow cytometry.^Citation61
Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy	Explains membrane dynamics; shows adsorption of proteins and peptides to lipids.^Citation62
Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching	Measures the diffusion of molecules in a membrane.^Citation62
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy	General characterization of membranes.^Citation62
Column chromatography
1. Chromatographic separation-coupled MS	Analyzes lipidomes.
2. Fast protein LC	Distinguishes serum lipoproteins.
3. LC-ESI-MS/MS	Distinguishes mono- and polyhydroxylated fatty acids.^Citation49
4. Reversed phase	Lipid separation, based on the hydrophobic properties of lipids, the number of
Reversed-phase LC	carbons, and the degree of saturation.^Citation63,Citation64
5. NP	Distinguishes lipid species according to their hydrophilic functionalities.
NP-LC  Silver ion NP-LC  Regioisomeric species	Differs in the positioning of fatty acyls onto the glycerol backbone (sn-1, sn-2, sn-3); can be found.^Citation64
6. Hydrophilic interaction LC	Distinguishes lipid species according to their hydrophilic functionalities.^Citation64
7. Miniaturized column formats	Distinguishes ceramides in the lipidome.
8. Microfluidic chips	Identifies and quantifies the structure and function of lipids in biological systems.^Citation64

Abbreviations: MS, mass spectrometry; SL, shotgun lipidomics; PIS, precursor ion scans; NL, neutral loss scans; MDMS-SL, multidimensional mass spectrometry-based shotgun lipidomics; ESI, electrospray ionization; MALDI, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization; LSI-MS, liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry; MALDI-QIT-TOF-MS/MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization quadrupole ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry; MALDI-IMS, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry; SM, sphingomyelin; PC, phosphatidylcholine; lysoPC, lysophosphatidylcholine; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; FC, free cholesterol; CE, cholesterol ester; LC-ESI-MS/MS, liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry; LC, liquid chromatography; NP, normal phase.

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