Cardiovascular risk assessment in type 2 diabetes mellitus: comparison of the World Health Organization/International Society of Hypertension risk prediction charts versus UK Prospective Diabetes Study risk engine

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study sample

Characteristics	Male		Female
	M	SD	M	SD
Age (years)	48.3	10.6	53.6	11.5
Duration (years)	5.9	5.9	6.3	5.5
Waist circumference (cm)	90.5	9.6	89.6	11.3
BMI (kg/m^2)	24.2	3.8	24.8	4.7
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	123.2	17.1	128.1	18.3
FBS (mg/dL)	142.7	46.4	143.3	43.6
HbA1c (%)	7.3	1.3	7.3	1.1
EGFR (mL/min)	87.5	31.3	70.9	22.6
TC (mg/dL)	195.1	46.0	200.3	41.5
LDL (mg/dL)	121.5	38.6	125.4	37.1
HDL (mg/dL)	48.8	10.1	51.6	9.7
TG (mg/dL)	118.1	54.9	110.2	43.9

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; M, mean; SD, standard deviation; FBS, fasting blood sugar; HbA_1c, glycated hemoglobin; EGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; TC, total cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; TG, triglycerides.

Table 2 Number of patients with T2DM by categories of 10-year total cardiovascular disease risk using the WHO/ISH and UKPDS risk charts

Risk categories	WHO/ISH		UKPDS
	N	%	N	%
<10%	1,910	78.5	1,274	52.4
10%–<20%	163	6.7	677	27.8
20%–<30%	39	1.6	154	6.3
>30	45	1.9	52	2.1
Missing	275	11.3	275	11.3
Total	2,432	100.0	2,432	100.0

Abbreviations: T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; WHO/ISH, World Health Organization/International Society of Hypertension; UKPDS, UK Prospective Diabetes Study.

Table 3 Comparison of WHO/ISH and UKPDS risk charts in their ability to categorize patients with T2DM into different risk categories

WHO/ISH	UKPDS risk engine
	<10%	10%–<20%	20%–<30%	>30
<10%	1,221	565	105	19
10%–<20%	39	74	29	21
20%–<30%	7	16	11	5
>30	7	22	9	7

Abbreviations: T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; WHO/ISH, World Health Organization/International Society of Hypertension; UKPDS, UK Prospective Diabetes Study.

Table 4 κ value for WHO/ISH and UKPDS risk charts

	WHO/ISH risk chart			Total
	<10%	10%–20%	>20%
UKPDS engine
<10%
Count	1,221	39	14	1,274
Expected count	1,128.1	96.3	49.6	1,274.0
10%–20%
Count	565	74	38	677
Expected count	599.5	51.2	26.4	677.0
>20%
Count	124	50	32	206
Expected count	182.4	15.6	8.0	206.0
Total
Count	1,910	163	84	2,157
Expected count	1,910.0	163.0	84.0	2,157.0
	Value	SE	Approx T^b	Approx sig
Measure of agreement	0.144	0.014	11.236	0.000

Abbreviations: WHO/ISH, World Health Organization/International Society of Hypertension; UKPDS, UK Prospective Diabetes Study; Approx, approximate; SE, standard error; T^b, ^busing asymptomatic standard error assuming the null hypothesis; sig, significance.

Table 5 LDL levels in low cardiac risk subjects (<10%) according to WHO/ISH and UKPDS risk engine

WHO/ISH		UKPDS risk engine
LDL mg/dL	N (%)	LDL mg/dL	N (%)
<75	9 (2.9)	<75	6 (2.4)
75–99	46 (14.7)	75–99	38 (15.3)
100–129	97 (31.1)	100–129	81 (32.5)
130–159	116 (37.2)	130–159	88 (35.3)
160–189	30 (9.6)	160–189	26 (10.4)
>190	14 (4.5)	>190	10 (4)
Total	312	Total	249

Abbreviations: UKPDS, UK Prospective Diabetes Study; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; WHO/ISH, World Health Organization/International Society of Hypertension.

Table 6 Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in different risk categories according to UKPDS and WHO/ISH risk score

Cardiac risk category	DBP mmHg	WHO/ISH risk category		UKPDS risk category
		N	%	N	%
<10%	<90	283	85.2	229	68.9
	≥90	29	8.7	21	6.3
10%–20%	<90	4	1.2	51 19	15.3
	≥90	10	3.0	14	4.2
>20%	<90	1	0.3	8	2.4
	≥90	5	1.5	9	2.7

Abbreviations: DPB, diastolic blood pressure; UKPDS, UK Prospective Diabetes Study; WHO/ISH, World Health Organization/International Society of Hypertension.