Trigeminal-mediated headshaking in horses: prevalence, impact, and management strategies

Figures & data

Table 1 Grading systems

Grading system	Scale	Classification
Newton and Knottenbelt 2000^Citation6	1	Intermittent and mild clinical signs. Facial muscle twitching. Rideable
	2	Moderate clinical signs. Definable conditions under which they occur/develop. Rideable with some difficulty
	3	Rideable but unpleasant ride, difficult to control
	4	Unrideable, uncontrollable
	5	Dangerous with bizarre behavior patterns
Talbot et al 2013^Citation18	0	No headshaking
	1	Mild signs at exercise
	2	Obvious signs at exercise but no striking or behavioral changes
	3	Most severe, with severe signs including behavioral changes and refusal to move
Roberts et al 2014^Citation19	0	No signs of headshaking
	1	Mild headshaking, insufficient as to interfere with ridden exercise
	2	Headshaking at exercise of a severity sufficient as to make ridden exercise dangerous or impossible
	3	Headshaking even at rest

Figure 1 Horse wearing a nose net.

Figure 2 Horse undergoing EquiPENS™ neuromodulation.

NewtonSAKnottenbeltDCEldridgePRHeadshaking in horses: possible aetiopathogenesis suggested by the results of diagnostic tests and several treatment regimes used in 20 casesEquine Vet J200032320821610836475

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TalbotWAPinchbeckGLKnottenbeltDCGrahamHMcKaneSAA randomised, blinded, crossover study to assess the efficacy of a feed supplement in alleviating the clinical signs of headshaking in 32 horsesEquine Vet J201345329329722994634

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RobertsVIdiopathic headshaking: is it still idiopathic?Vet J201420117824888682

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