Infectious bursal disease virus in chickens: prevalence, impact, and management strategies

Figures & data

Figure 1 Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences of hVP2 infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). The evolutionary history was inferred using the Neighbour-Joining method. The bootstrap consensus tree inferred from 1,000 replicates is taken to represent the evolutionary history of the taxa analyzed. Branches corresponding to partitions reproduced in <50% bootstrap replicates are collapsed. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (1,000 replicates) is shown next to the branches. The evolutionary distances were computed using the Maximum Composite Likelihood method and are in the units of the number of base substitutions per site. The analysis involved 51 nucleotide sequences. Codon positions included were 1st + 2nd + 3rd + noncoding. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated. There were a total of 336 positions in the final dataset. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA7.⁹⁰

Table 1 Recent development in IBDV vaccines research

Platform	Gene targeted	Expression system	Efficacy
Subunit vaccine	Mimotope	Escherichia coli	100% protection against mortality^Citation82
	Hypervariable region of VP2	Pichia pastoris	100% protection upon challenge^Citation53
Live viral vectored	VP2/PP	Fowl pox virus	Low protection with VP2 and no protection with PP^Citation54
	VP2	Herpesvirus of turkey	100% protection in day-old vaccination^Citation75
	VP2	MDV	55% protection^Citation7
	VP2	NDV	90% protection^Citation77
SVP	VP2	Pichia pastoris	500 µg SVP with and without adjuvant conferred 100% protection but with moderate bursal damage^Citation60
	VP2	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	SVP alone and as a DNA prime-protein boost, 100% protection, Th1 and Th2 mixed response^Citation31,Citation44
Adjuvant with IBD vaccine	Recombinant IFNs and IL-1β in combination	Escherichia coli	Increased humoral responses in immunologically mature but not day-old chicken^Citation83
	Porcine lactoferrin	Pichia pastoris	Increased CMI response^Citation84
	Chicken beta-defensin-1 genetically fused with VP2	as DNA vaccine	100% protection, Increased CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subtypes^Citation64
	Salmonella typhimurium fliC + VP2	as DNA vaccine	80% protection, increased humoral and cell mediated immunity^Citation65
	cHSP70 + VP2	as DNA vaccine	100% protection, increased expression of IFN-γ and IL-12, IL-10, increased ELISA Ab^Citation31
	VP2-4-3 and chicken IL-18	as DNA vaccine	93% protection, increased induction of IFN-γ and IL-4^Citation85

Abbreviations: MDV, Marek’s disease virus; NDV, Newcastle disease virus; PP, polyprotein VP2-4-3; VP2, Virus protein 2; SVP, subviral particle; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; cHSP70, C-terminal domain of heat shock protein 70 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis; fliC, flagellin; ELISA, Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; Ab, antibody; IBDV, infectious bursal disease virus SVP, subviral particle.

Figure 2 Transmission electron micrograph of cesium chloride gradient purified Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) virus protein 2 (VP2) subviral particles (SVPs), negatively stained with sodium phosphotungstate. Reprinted from.⁴³ Copyright 2009, with permission from Elsevier. Bar = 100 nm.

Notes: Dey S, Upadhyay C, Mohan CM, Kataria JM, Vakharia VN. Formation of subviral particles of the capsid protein VP2 of infectious bursal disease virus and its application in serological diagnosis. J Virol Methods. 2009;157(1):84–89

Figure 3 An overview of 60 years of infectious bursal disease (IBD) research.Abbreviations: IBDV, Infectious bursal disease virus; HVT, Herpesvirus of Turkey; VP2, virus protein 2; cHSP70, C-terminal domain of heat shock protein 70 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis; CAM, Chorioallantoic membrane; OIE, Office International des Épizooties [World Organisation for Animal Health].

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