Rate of Beta-Lactam Resistance and Epidemiological Features of S. Aureus-Associated Bovine Mastitis in Cross-Bred Ethiopian Cows: Systematic Review

Figures & data

Figure 1 PRISMA flow chart for selection of included and excluded of studies.

Notes: PRISMA figure adapted from Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM et al The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n71. Creative Commons.²²

Figure 2 Prevalence of S. aureus in the respect of the study year.

Notes: The horizontal -axis represents the publication year listed while the y-axis is average prevalence of S. aureus.

Table 1 Characteristics of Included Studies (n=26)

Study Name	Year	Region	Location	No. cows	TQE	NQP^+	TCP^+	Staph^+	OBP+	PS*
Abebe et al^Citation21	2016	Oromia	Southern	529	2026	729	172	88	84	51
Beyne et al^Citation25	2020	SNNPRS	Southern	686	1662	132	64	26	38	40
Mekibib et al^Citation26	2008	AA	Central	107	428	192	153	72	81	47
Tesfaye et al^Citation27	2015	Oromia	Central	384	1536	484	121	37	84	30
Wubshet et al^Citation28	2013	Oromia	Southern	28	112	112	66	20	46	30
Yohanes and Alemu^Citation29	2018	SNNPRS	Sothern	245	980	173	51	11	40	23
Zeryehun and Abera^Citation30	2015	Oromia	Eastern	384	1536	877	187	45	142	24
Tekle and Berihe^Citation31	2011	SNNPRS	Southern	384	384	70	52	11	41	21
Birhanu et al^Citation5	2016	AA	Central	262	1048	170	153	69	84	45
Bitew et al^Citation32	2010	Amhara	Northern	302	1208	134	79	16	63	20
Demissie et al^Citation31	2015	Tigray	Northern	360	1440	229	179	55	124	30
Fesseha et al^Citation33	2019	Oromia	Southern	384	1536	536	144	58	86	40
Hailemelekot et al^Citation24	2018	Amhara	Northern	302	1208	126	112	74	38	66
Balemi et al^Citation19	2018	Oromia	Southern	60	240	41	10	1	9	10
Duguma et al^Citation34	2009	AA	Central	90	340	275	180	78	102	43
Abera et al^Citation20	2008	Oromia	Southern	245	960	288	217	61	156	28
Seid et al^Citation35	2014	Oromia	Southern	358	1422	490	83	37	46	44
Mekonen and Tesfaye^Citation36	2008	Oromia	Sothern	206	824	790	95	14	81	14
Abunna et al^Citation37	2008	AA	Central	331	1324	146	71	15	56	21
Belayneh et al^Citation38	2008	SNNPRS	Northern	303	1172	244	183	59	124	32
Girma et al^Citation23	2010	Oromia	Eastern	384	1536	1502	121	43	78	35
Adane et al^Citation39	2010	Oromia	southern	460	1840	712	641	208	433	32
Bihon et al^Citation40	2017	Amhara	Northern	334	1054	238	50	17	33	34
Abebe et al^Citation41	2018	Oromia	Southern	686	2633	773	307	176	131	57
Zenebe et al^Citation42	2011	Tigray	Northern	322	1288	696	698	361	337	52
Haftu et al^Citation43	2009	Tigray	Northern	305	1220	187	128	46	82	35

Table 2 Studies Distributed According to Clarity Scores of the Elements of the Materials and Methods Sections

Materials and Methods	Clarity Score
	0	1	2
Ethical approval	7.7%	15.4%	80.8%
Sample size determination			100%
Proper clarification of sampling and setting(eg map)	7.6%	15.4%	77%
Proper Laboratory methods(eg biochemical test used)	0	7.7%	92.3%
Proper description of study design	0	0	100%
Description of study animals(eg Risk factors)	30.7%	11.8%	57.5%
Description of management, housing system and hygienic practice of the farm	15.4%	11.5%	73.1%
Proper Statistical methods and measurements(eg odds ratio, Relative Risk)	0	23.1%	76.9%

Notes: 0, information not provided; 1, information incomplete; 2, information clear.

Figure 3 Geographical distribution of S. aureus in Ethiopia.

Table 3 Mean Prevalence of the S. aureus with Number of Studies in Regions of Ethiopia

Regions	No of Studies	Average prevalence (%)	References
Oromia	12(46.2%)	34	Abebe et al,^Citation21 Tesfaye et al,^Citation27 Wubshet et al,^Citation28 Zeryehun and Abebe,^Citation30 Abera et al,^Citation20 Girma et al,^Citation23 Adane et al,^Citation39 Seid et al,^Citation35 Mekonen and Tesfaye,^Citation36 Fesseha et al,^Citation33 Abebe et al,^Citation41 Balemi et al^Citation19
Amhara	3(11.5%)	40	Bihon et al,^Citation40 Hailemelekot et al,^Citation24 Bitew et al^Citation32
SNNPRS	4(15.4%)	29	Yohanes and Alemu,^Citation29 Tekle and Berihe,^Citation31 Beyne et al,^Citation25 Belayneh et al^Citation38
AA	4(15.4%)	39.5	Mekibib et al,^Citation26 Duguma et al,^Citation34 Birhanu et al,^Citation5 Abunna et al^Citation37
Tigray	3(11.5%)	40	Haftu et al,^Citation43 Zenebe et al,^Citation42 Demisse et al^Citation31

Figure 4 Prevalence of S. aureus in different study year categories in Ethiopia.

Figure 5 Average prevalence of S. aureus in clinical and subclinical mastitis in Ethiopia.

Table 4 Average Prevalence of Bovine Mastitis Associated S. Aureus in the Level of Mastitis

Authors	LM	IDX	FD	P	ST	PE	N	TP
Abebe et al^Citation21	Clinical mastitis	CS	Culture Isolation	4	88	0.04	172	0.023
	Subclinical mastitis	CMT	Culture Isolation	84	88	0.95	172	0.48
Mekibib et al^Citation26	Clinical mastitis	CS	Culture Isolation	6	72	0.08	153	0.04
	Subclinical mastitis	CMT	Culture Isolation	66	72	0.92	153	0.43
Wubshet et al^Citation28	Clinical mastitis	CS	Culture Isolation	2	20	0.10	66	0.03
	Subclinical mastitis	CMT	Culture Isolation	18	20	0.95	66	0.27
Yohannes and Alemu^Citation29	Clinical mastitis	CS	Culture Isolation	5	11	0.45	51	0.10
	Subclinical mastitis	CMT	Culture Isolation	6	11	0.55	51	0.12
Zeryehun and Abera^Citation30	Clinical mastitis	CS	Culture Isolation	2	66	0.03	187	0.01
	Subclinical mastitis	CMT	Culture Isolation	64	66	0.97	187	0.34
Bitew et al^Citation32	Clinical mastitis	CS	Culture Isolation	4	16	0.25	79	0.05
	Subclinical mastitis	CMT	Culture Isolation	12	16	0.75	79	0.15
Demissie et al^Citation31	Clinical mastitis	CS	Culture Isolation	7	55	0.13	179	0.04
	Subclinical mastitis	CMT	Culture Isolation	48	55	0.87	179	0.27
Fesseha et al^Citation33	Clinical mastitis	CS	Culture Isolation	11	20	0.55	144	0.08
	Subclinical mastitis	CMT	Culture Isolation	9	20	0.45	144	0.06
Hailemelekot et al^Citation24	Clinical mastitis	CS	Culture Isolation	13	45	0.28	187	0.07
	Subclinical mastitis	CMT	Culture Isolation	32	45	0.71	187	0.17
Girma et al^Citation23	Clinical mastitis	CS	Culture Isolation	25	43	0.58	128	0.19
	Subclinical mastitis	CMT	Culture Isolation	18	43	0.42	128	0.14
Haftu et al^Citation43	Clinical mastitis	CS	Culture Isolation	3	46	0.07	169	0.02
	Subclinical mastitis	CMT	Culture Isolation	43	46	0.93	169	0.25
Duguma et al^Citation34	Clinical mastitis	CS	Culture Isolation	5	78	0.06	183	0.03
	Subclinical mastitis	CMT	Culture Isolation	73	78	0.94	183	0.39
Belayneh et al^Citation38	Clinical mastitis	CS	Culture Isolation	5	59	0.08	121	0.04
	Subclinical mastitis	CMT	Culture Isolation	54	59	0.92	121	0.44

Notes: ST is sum of positive samples in both clinical and sub clinical mastitis; N is total sample of animals examined; PE is percentage of positive cases respected to positive cases; TP is prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis with respect to total sample examined; IDx & FD is initial and final diagnosis.

Abbreviations: LM, level of mastitis; P, Positive; ST, sub-total; CS, clinical sign, MT, California mastitis Test.

Table 5 Summary of Various Beta-Lactam Resistance for S. aureus in the Treatment of Bovine Mastitis (n=14)

Author	Antimicrobials	SA+ Isolated	Resistance	Susceptible	percentage
Ayana et al^Citation48	Penicillin	110	110	0	1.000
	Amoxicillin	110	65	45	0.590
	Ampicillin	110	57	53	0.520
Tassew et al^Citation49	Penicillin	53	0	53	0.000
	Cefoxitin	53	28	25	0.470
	Amoxicillin	53	53	0	1.000
Gebremedhin et al^Citation50	Ampicillin	40	38	2	0.950
	Amoxicillin	40	38	2	0.950
	Cefotaxime	40	32	8	0.800
Reta et al^Citation51	Penicillin	29	28	1	0.034
	Amoxicillin	29	10	19	0.345
Tesfaye et al^Citation27	Amoxicillin	12	9	3	0.750
	Ceftriaxone	12	7	5	0.583
Mekonen et al^Citation36	Penicillin	17	14	3	0.824
	Ampicillin	17	3	14	0.176
Getahun et al^Citation52	Penicillin	85	45	40	0.530
	Ampicillin	85	38	47	0.450
Sori et al^Citation53	Penicillin	86	75	11	0.872
	Amoxicillin	86	40	46	0.460
Moges et al^Citation54	Penicillin	27	22	5	0.815
	Amoxicillin	27	22	5	0.810
Haftu et al^Citation55	Penicillin	46	38	8	0.830
	Ampicillin	46	14	3	0.304
Belayneh et al^Citation38	Penicillin	59	38	21	0.650
	amoxicillin	59	37	22	0.620
Belayneh et al^Citation38	Penicillin	32	24	8	0.750
	amoxicillin	32	24	8	0.750
Elemo et al^Citation56	Ampicillin	112	62	50	0.550
	Amoxicillin	112	59	53	0.530
	Cefoxitin	112	65	47	0.580
	Penicillin	112	97	15	0.870
Overvliet et al^Citation57	Penicillin	32	32	0	1.000
	Cefoxitin	32	10	22	0.300

Figure 6 Beta lactam antimicrobial resistance rate of S. aureus in the treatment of bovine mastitis.

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