A Comprehensive Review of the Common Bacterial Infections in Dairy Calves and Advanced Strategies for Health Management

Figures & data

Table 1 Common Bacterial Species in Dairy Calves with Their Type, Management Practices, Effects, and Diagnostic Methods

Bacteria	Type	Management	Effects	Sample	Diagnostic Methods
Escherichia coli	Gram-negative	Good hygiene practices, vaccination	Diarrhea, sepsis, Colisepticemia,	Feces, blood	Bacterial culture, PCR
Salmonella	Gram-negative	Good hygiene practices, vaccination	Diarrhea, sepsis, pneumonia	Feces, blood, tissue	Bacterial culture, PCR
Clostridium perfringens	Gram-positive	Good hygiene practices, vaccination, feeding management	Diarrhea	Feces, intestine content	Toxin detection, PCR
Mycoplasma bovis	Gram-negative	Good hygiene practices, antibiotic treatment	Pneumonia, otitis media, arthritis	Nasal swabs, ear swabs	PCR, serology
Pasteurella multocida	Gram-negative	Good hygiene practices, antibiotic treatment	Pneumonia, septicemia	Nasal swabs, blood	Bacterial culture, PCR
Haemophilus somnus	Gram-negative	Good hygiene practices, antibiotic treatment	Respiratory disease, septicemia, arthritis	Nasal swabs, blood, synovial fluid	Bacterial culture, PCR
Listeria monocytogenes	Gram-positive	Good hygiene practices, feeding management	Meningitis, septicemia, abortion	Brain tissue, blood, feces	Bacterial culture, PCR

Table 2 Pathogenic Clostridium Species and Diseases

Toxin-Based Disease Categories	Clostridium species	Diseases
Histotoxic Clostridia	Clostridium (C.) chauvoei	Blackleg
	C. septicum	Malignant edema
	C. novyi type B	Black disease
	C. haemolyticum	Bacillary haemoglobinuria
Neurotoxic Clostridia	C. tetani	Lockjaw
	C. botulism	Botulism
Enteric Clostridia	Perfringens type A	Haemorrhagic enteritis
	C. difficile	–
	C. perfringens type D	Pulpy kidney

Table 3 Types of C. Perfringens and Major Toxins Produced

C. perfringens Type	Major toxins
	Alpha (plc)	Beta (cpb)	Epsilon (etx)	Iota (iap)	Enterotoxin (cpe)
A	+	–	–	–	+/–
B	+	+	–	–	+/–
C	+	+	–	–	+/–
D	+	–	+	–	+/–
E	+	–	–	+	+/–