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Review

The differential effects of bisphosphonates, SERMS (selective estrogen receptor modulators), and parathyroid hormone on bone remodeling in osteoporosis

, &
Pages 55-64 | Published online: 19 Oct 2022

Figures & data

Figure 1 Chemical structures of bisphosphonates.

Figure 1 Chemical structures of bisphosphonates.

Figure 2 Schematic representation of the mevalonate pathway and the effects of the nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate.

Figure 2 Schematic representation of the mevalonate pathway and the effects of the nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate.

Figure 3 Chemical structures of estradiol and some SERMs.

Abbreviations: SERMs, selective estrogen receptor modulators.
Figure 3 Chemical structures of estradiol and some SERMs.

Figure 4 The domain structure of the oestrogen receptors. The N-terminal domain with its ligand-independent activation function-1 (AF-1). The C (DNA-binding) domain mediates sequence-specific DNA binding. The D- or hinge-domain contains nuclear translocation signal and the multifunctional E/F domain, responsible for ligand binding, homo- and heterodimerization, and ligand-dependent co-factor interaction (AF-2).

Figure 4 The domain structure of the oestrogen receptors. The N-terminal domain with its ligand-independent activation function-1 (AF-1). The C (DNA-binding) domain mediates sequence-specific DNA binding. The D- or hinge-domain contains nuclear translocation signal and the multifunctional E/F domain, responsible for ligand binding, homo- and heterodimerization, and ligand-dependent co-factor interaction (AF-2).