Hepatitis C virus infection and risk of cancer: a population-based cohort study

Figures & data

Table 1 Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) for all cancers after a diagnosis of HCV infection (in patients without HIV) according to sex and age at the time of admission

	Number of patients with HCV infection	Number of cancers observed	Number of cancers expected	SIR (O/E)
Total	4,204	100	56.12	1.78 (1.45–2.17)
Acute vs chronic HCV infection
Acute	507	14	7.45	1.88 (1.03–3.15)
Chronic	3,697	86	48.57	1.77 (1.42–2.19)
Sex
Women	1577	38	27.24	1.39 (0.99–1.91)
Men	2627	62	28.88	2.15 (1.65–2.75)
Age (years)†
0–29	717	3	1.10	2.74 (0.56–7.99)
30–49	2,766	41	23.04	1.78 (1.28–2.41)
50–69	610	34	22.23	1.53 (1.06–2.14)
70+	111	22	9.74	2.26 (1.41–3.42)

† Age at time of diagnosis of HCV infection.

Table 2 All observed cancers in HCV-infected patients without HIV at baseline and corresponding standardized cancer incidence ratios

	Observed	Expected	Standardized incidence ratio (95% CI)
All neoplasms 140–205	100	56.12	1.78 (1.45–2.17)
Hematological cancers
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (200, 202)	3	1.59	1.89 (0.39–5.52)
Leukemia (204)	1	1.17	0.85 (0.02–4.74)
Liver cancer
Liver, primary (155.0)	30	0.39	76.63 (51.69–109.40)
Liver, not specified as primary (156)	3	0.38	7.84 (1.62–22.90)
Alcohol- and tobacco-related cancers
Oropharyngeal (140–148)	4	1.73	2.32 (0.63–5.93)
Esophagus (150)	1	0.60	1.65 (0.04–9.22)
Colon, including recto sigmoid (153)	3	2.95	1.02 (0.21–2.97)
Rectum, excluding anus (154)	3	1.63	1.85 (0.38–5.39)
Pancreas (157)	4	1.01	3.95 (1.07–10.11)
Lung (162.0–162.1)	10	5.14	1.95 (0.93–3.58)
Kidney (180)	4	1.11	3.60 (0.98–9.22)
Bladder (181)	2	2.18	0.92 (0.11–3.31)
Immune-related cancers
Cervix uteri (171)	1	1.30	0.77 (0.02–4.29)
Melanoma of skin (190)	1	2.99	0.33 (0.01–1.86)
Other skin (191)	9	10.60	0.85 (0.39–1.61)
Other cancers*
Gallbladder (155.1)	1	0.19	5.25 (0.13–29.22)
Peritoneum and unspecified (158–159)	1	0.11	9.34 (0.24–52.01)
Mediastinum (164)	1	0.05	21.22 (0.54–118.22)
Breast (170)	2	8.05	0.25 (0.03–0.90)
Corpus uteri (172)	1	0.83	1.21 (0.03–6.72)
Ovary (175)	1	1.07	0.94 (0.02–5.21)
Prostate (177)	2	1.95	1.02 (0.12–3.70)
Testis (178)	1	1.59	0.63 (0.02–3.51)
Other and unspecified male genitals (179)	1	0.10	9.71 (0.25–54.06)
Brain and nervous system (193)	5	2.40	2.08 (0.68–4.86)
Thyroid (194)	1	0.46	2.16 (0.05–12.01)
Metastases (198)	2	0.62	3.23 (0.39–11.66)
Other and unspecified site (199)	2	0.58	3.43 (0.42–12.39)

Table 3 Standardized cancer incidence ratios (SIR) for HCV-infected patients without HIV at baseline

	First year after HCV diagnosis		More than 1 year after HCV diagnosis
	N	SIR (95% CI)	N	SIR (95% CI)
All cancer	33	2.92 (2.01–4.10)	67	1.50 (1.16–1.90)
Liver, primary	12	152.64 (78.78–266.65)	18	57.53 (34.08–90.93)
Lung	2	1.98 (0.24–7.13)	8	1.94 (0.84–3.82)
Non-melanoma skin cancer	2	0.95 (0.12–3.44)	7	0.82 (0.33–1.70)
Brain and nervous system	1	1.92 (0.05–10.69)	4	2.13 (0.58–5.45)

* Sites with 5 or more recorded cancers.

Table 4 Standardized cancer incidence ratios (SIR) for patients with chronic HCV infection without HIV

	First year after HCV diagnosis		More than 1 year after HCV diagnosis
	N	SIR (95% CI)	N	SIR (95% CI)
All cancer	31	3,05 (2.07–4.33)	55	1.43 (1.08–1.86)
Liver, primary	11	153.01 (76.28–273.80)	14	51.48 (28.12–86.38)
Lung	2	2.17 (0.26–7.85)	7	1.95 (0.78–4.02)
Non-melanoma skin cancer	2	1.06 (0.13–3.81)	6	0.82 (0.30–1.79)

* Sites with 5 or more recorded cancers.

Table

Hematological cancers	Immune-related cancers
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (200, 202)	Cervix uteri (171)
Leukemia (204)	Melanoma of skin (190)
	Other skin (191)
Liver-cancer
Liver, primary (155.0)	Other cancers*
Liver, not specified as primary (156)	Gallbladder (155.1)
	Peritoneum and unspecified (158–159)
Alcohol- and tobacco-related cancers	Mediastinum (164)
Oropharyngeal (140–148)	Breast (170)
Esophagus (150)	Corpus uteri (172)
Colon, including recto sigmoid (153)	Ovary (175)
Rectum, excluding anus (154)	Prostate (177)
Pancreas (157)	Testis (178)
Lung (162.0–162.1)	Other and unspecified male genitals (179)
Kidney (180)	Brain and nervous system (193)
Bladder (181)	Thyroid (194)
	Metastases (198)
	Other and unspecified site (199)