Diabetes, glycemic control and risk of medical glaucoma treatment: A population-based case-control study

Figures & data

Table 1 Adjusted and crude ORs for glaucoma according to presence of diabetes mellitus

Risk factor	Cases	Controls	Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted ORa (95% CI)
Sex
Male	2,492 (41.6)	24,920 (41.6)
Female	3,499 (58.4)	34,990 (58.4)
Age, years, median (IQR)	70.4 (60.8–78.4)	70.3 (60.8–78.4)
Diabetes
Absent	5,287 (88.25)	55,935 (93.37)	1.0 (ref)	1.0 (ref)
Present	704 (11.75)	3,975 (6.63)	1.95 (1.79–2.12)	1.81 (1.65–1.98)
Thyroid disease	439 (7.3)	3,603 (6.0)	1.24 (1.12–1.38)	1.20 (1.08–1.34)
Migraine	203 (3.4)	1,568 (2.6)	1.31 (1.13–1.53)	1.32 (1.13–1.54)
Auto immune disorders	244 (4.1)	1,915 (3.2)	1.29 (1.12–1.47)	1.25 (1.09–1.43)
Cardiovascular risk factors	765 (12.8)	7,919 (13.2)	0.96 (0.88–1.04)	0.76 (0.70–0.84)
Hypertension	593 (9.9)	4,772 (8.0)	1.28 (1.17–1.40)	1.19 (1.07–1.31)
Alcohol related diagnoses	47 (0.8)	494 (0.8)	0.95 (0.70–1.29)	0.91 (0.68–1.24)
ACE inhibitors	1,042 (17.4)	8,616 (14.4)	1.26 (1.18–1.36)	1.08 (1.00–1.17)
Oral beta adrenoceptor blockers	1217 (20.3)	11,695 (19.5)	1.05 (0.98–1.13)	0.96 (0.89–1.03)
Statins	828 (13.8)	6,307 (10.5)	1.05 (0.98–1.13)	1.29 (1.18–1.41)
Cataract	686 (11.5)	3,995 (6.7)	1.90 (1.74–2.08)	1.42 (1.29–1.56)
Retinal detachment	135 (2.3)	159 (0.3)	8.65 (6.86–10.90)	6.15 (4.82–7.85)
Uveitis	523 (8.7)	1,349 (2.3)	4.21 (3.79–4.68)	3.60 (3.22–4.02)
Duration of diabetes
Diabetes absent	5,287 (88.25)	55,935 (93.37)	1.0 (ref)	1.0 (ref)
<5 years	320 (5.34)	1,689 (2.82)	1.88 (1.66–2.14)	2.03 (1.79–2.29)
≥5–<10 years	200 (3.34)	1,210 (2.02)	1.64 (1.41–1.92)	1.77 (1.52–2.06)
≥10 years	211 (3.52)	1,111 (1.85)	1.87 (1.60–2.18)	2.02 (1.74–2.35)
HbA1c
Diabetes absent	5,287 (87.3)	55,935 (93.37)	1.0 (ref)	1.0 (ref)
HbA1c< 7%	213 (3.6)	1,074 (1.79)	1.97 (1.69–2.30)	2.12 (1.83–2.47)
HbA1c ≥ 7%–<8%	150 (2.5)	660 (1.10)	2.24 (1.86–2.69)	2.44 (2.04–2.92)
HbA1c ≥ 8%–<9%	88 (1.5)	421 (0.70)	2.05 (1.62–2.60)	2.24 (1.77–2.82)
HbA1c ≥ 9%	84 (1.4)	380 (0.63)	2.20 (1.73–2.80)	2.36 (1.86–3.00)
HbA1c unknown	196 (3.3)	1,475 (2.46)	1.34 (1.15–1.57)	1.41 (1.21–1.65)

Notes: Data on cases and controls are n (%).

a OR adjusted by conditional logistic regression for thyroid disease, migraine, autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular events, hypertension, alcohol-related disorders, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, oral beta adrenoceptor blockers and statins.

Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; CI, confidence interval; HbA_1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; IQ, interquartile range; OR, odds ratio.

Table 2 Odds ratio (OR) for glaucoma according to presence of diabetes stratified by age and sex

	Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted ORa (95% CI)
Age
0–60 years	4.22 (3.50–5.08)	3.35 (2.72–4.14)
61–70 years	2.55 (2.17–2.99)	2.26 (1.90–2.69)
71–80 years	1.54 (1.32–1.79)	1.47 (1.25–1.73)
>80 years	1.08 (0.89–1.33)	1.12 (0.91–1.37)
Sex
Female	1.74 (1.54–1.96)	1.61 (1.42–1.83)
Male	2.20 (1.95–2.49)	2.04 (1.79–2.31)

Notes:

a Odds ratio adjusted by conditional logistic regression for thyroid disease, migraine, autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular events, hypertension, alcohol related disorders, ace-inhibitors, oral beta adrenoceptor blockers and statins.

Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.