Risk factors for symptom onset in PI*Z alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of 313 individuals with PI*Z alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency according to presence or absence of childhood ETS exposure

Variable	With childhood ETS exposure (n = 223)	Without childhood ETS (n = 90)	p-value
Age (mean years ± SD)	52 ± 10	55 ± 11	0.057
Gender (male)	53%	61%	0.185
Ever smokers	77%	66%	0.031
Mean number of cigarettes smoked per day (in ever smokers)	19.4 ± 8.7	18.7 ± 9.4	0.617
Mean age of beginning smoking (mean years ± SD)	16.6 ± 0.3	18.4 ± 0.5	<0.001
History of prior lower respiratory tract infection	41%	44%	0.634
Family history of emphysema	49%	23%	<0.001
Chronic cough	50%	39%	0.081
Chronic wheeze	71%	66%	0.361
Chronic dyspnea	50%	47%	0.618

Abbreviations: ETS, environmental tobacco smoke; SD, standard deviation.

Note: Bold indicates statistical significance.

Table 2 Baseline characteristics of 313 individuals with PI*Z alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency by recruitment group

Comparison of characteristics between groups	Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Group 4	p-value
Age (mean years ± SD)	51.4 ± 9.4	51.4 ± 1.26	53.4 ± 12.0	53.9 ± 10.5	0.232
Gender (male)	56%	54%	50%	54%	0.956
Ever smokers	80%	69%	65%	74%	0.362
Mean number of cigarettes smoked per day (in ever smokers)	19.9 ± 10.1	17.4 ± 7.9	18.8 ± 10.5	19.8 ± 8.4	0.441
Mean age of beginning smoking (mean years ± SD)	17.1 ± 3.1	17.3 ± 2.8	16.9 ± 2.8	17.1 ± 3.8	0.976
Childhood ETS exposure	69%	69%	75%	72%	0.903
History of prior lower respiratory tract infection	54%	38%	31%	41%	0.206
Family history of emphysema	35%	48%	26%	40%	0.283
Chronic cough	59%	56%	50%	50%	0.609
Chronic wheeze	74%	68%	73%	67%	0.716
Chronic dyspnea	53%	62%	42%	53%	0.151
Mean age of onset of cough	32.6 ± 11.8	35.1 ± 14.9	41.0 ± 13.7	39.7 ± 14.6	0.039
Mean age of onset of wheeze	36.4 ± 12.8	39.0 ± 13.6	39.7 ± 20.1	40.6 ± 14.5	0.388
Mean age of onset of dyspnea	37.2 ± 10.4	39.2 ± 12.6	41.4 ± 15.1	42.2 ± 12.6	0.061

Abbreviations: ETS, environmental tobacco smoke; SD, standard deviation.

Note: Bold indicates statistical significance.

Table 3 Mean age of symptom onset for childhood ETS exposure, childhood lower respiratory infections, personal smoking, and family history of emphysema

Mean age of onset of symptom ± SD (p-value)	Cough		Wheeze		Dyspnea
	Smoker	Never smoker	Smoker	Never smoker	Smoker	Never smoker
Smoking status alone	46 ± 17	36 ± 13 (<0.001)	43 ± 20	38 ± 12 (0.041)	47 ± 17	39 ± 10 (<0.001)
With/without childhood ETS	42/53 ± 15/± 11 (0.043)	34/39 ± 12/± 14 (0.061)	42/44 ± 19/± 20 (0.827)	37/42 ± 12/± 12 (0.003)	47/47 ± 18/±16 (0.940)	37/43 ± 10/±9 (0.001)
With/without childhood respiratory infections	36/49 ± 19/± 13 (0.011)	32/37 ± 11/± 13 (0.040)	35/40 ± 14/± 11 (0.018)	32/38 ± 23/± 17 (0.018)	39/49 ± 21/±14 (0.013)	36/39 ± 10/±9 (0.045)
With/without family history	44/49 ± 17/± 16) (0.386)	33/37 ± 12/± 12) (0.049)	41/43 ±18/± 23 (0.731)	36/39 ± 12/± 12 (0.058)	45/48 ± 9/±10 (0.808)	38/40 ± 10/±9 (0.137)

Abbreviations: ETS, environmental tobacco smoke; SD, standard deviation.

Note: Bold indicates statistical significance.

Table 4 Odds ratios of current symptoms for childhood ETS exposure, childhood lower respiratory infections, personal smoking, and family history of emphysema

Symptom	Childhood ETS	Ever Smoker	Childhood respiratory infections	Family history of emphysema
Cough	1.56 (0.94–2.57)	1.78 (1.18–2.94)	1.12 (0.67–1.84)	1.00 (0.62–1.61)
Wheeze	1.28 (0.76–2.15)	2.64 (1.59–4.41)	2.05 (1.21–3.51)	2.03 (1.11–3.21)
Dyspnea	1.13 (0.69–1.85)	2.28 (1.37–3.79)	1.63 (1.00–2.66)	1.03 (0.60–1.49)

Abbreviations: ETS, environmental tobacco smoke.

Note: Bold indicates statistical significance.

Table 5 Adjusted hazard ratios for the development of symptoms for childhood ETS exposure, childhood lower respiratory infections, pack-years of smoking before onset of symptoms, and family history of emphysema

Risk factor	Cough	Wheeze	Dyspnea
Childhood ETS	2.11 (1.18–3.76)	1.26 (0.83–1.92)	1.00 (0.62–1.59)
Pack-years: 1–10	2.16 (1.18–3.96)	1.90 (1.10–3.30)	1.29 (0.63–2.60)
Pack-years: 11–20	1.00 (0.50–2.00)	1.51 (0.91–2.49)	2.35 (1.34–4.12)
Pack-years: 21–30	1.19 (0.63–2.24)	1.61 (0.98–2.65)	2.71 (1.48–4.97)
Pack-years: >30	1.23 (0.58–2.61)	1.15 (0.62–2.13)	2.20 (1.14–4.21)
Family history	1.26 (0.81–1.98)	1.72 (1.20–2.47)	1.30 (0.85–2.15)
Childhood respiratory infections	1.30 (0.84–1.99)	1.49 (1.05–2.11)	1.45 (0.97–1.98)

Abbreviations: ETS, environmental tobacco smoke.

Note: Bold indicates statistical significance.