Role of angiogenesis and vascular remodeling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Figures & data

Table 1 Recent human studies investigating angiogenesis and vascular remodeling in COPD

Investigator (year)	Tissue samples Sample size	Studied parameters
Kranenburg et al (2005)	Central and peripheral lung tissues 14 patients-14 controls	VEGF
		FLT-1
		KDR/Flk-1
Hashimoto et al (2005)	Lung specimens 11 patients-8 controls	VEGF
		bFGF
Calabrese et al (2006)	Bronchial specimens 18 patients-8 controls	VEGF
		Integrin αvβ3
Santos et al (2003)	Lung specimens-pulmonary muscular arteries 19 nonsmokers-21 smokers-28 moderateCOPD-severe emphysema	VEGF
Peinado et al (2006)	Pulmonary arteries from lung specimens 9 COPD patients-6 controls	VEGF
		VEGFR2

Figure 1 Angiogenetic process in COPD. The angiogenetic pathway is stimulated when inflamed, hypoxic, or injured tissues produce and release different angiogenetic promoters. Loss of the pulmonary vascular bed has been suggested to lead to the formation of new vessels comprising lung tissue remodeling-like changes in mucosal tissue, fiber types and/or fibrosis, pulmonary and systemic inflammation, lung vascular remodeling, and angiogenesis.

Table 2 List of studied angiogenic and angiostatic mediators in COPD

Systematic name	Previous name	Chemokine receptor	Activity
CXC Chemokines
CXCL1	GRO-α	CXCR2>CXCR1	angiogenic
CXCL5	ENA-78	CXCR2	angiogenic
CXCL8	IL-8	CXCR2, CXCR1	angiogenic
CXCL9	MIG	CXCR3	angiostatic
CXCL10	IP-10	CXCR3	angiostatic
CXCL11	I-TAC	CXCR3	angiostatic
CC Chemokines
CCL2	MCP-1/Eotaxin	CCR2	angiogenic
Growth factors
VEGF		Flt-1, KDR/Flk-1	angiogenic
bFGF		FGFR-1	angiogenic
Angiopoietin-1		Tie-2	angiogenic
HGF			angiogenic
EGF			angiogenic

KranenburgARde BoerWIAlagappanVKT2005Enhanced bronchial expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and receptors (Flk-1 and Flt-1) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseThorax601061315681497

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HashimotoMTanakaHAbeS2005Quantitative analysis of bronchial wall vascularity in the medium and small airways of patients with asthma and COPDChest1279657215764783

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CalabreseCBocchinoVVatrellaA2006Evidence of angiogenesis in bronchial biopsies of smokers with and without airway obstructionRespir Med10014152216497496

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SantosSPeinadoVIRamirezJ2003Enhanced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in pulmonary arteries of smokers and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Crit Care Med1671250612615615

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PeinadoVIRamirezJRocaJ2006Identification of vascular progenitor cells in pulmonary arteries of patients with with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseAm J Respir Cell Mol Biol342576316239642

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