Frequency and clinical relevance of human bocavirus infection in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Figures & data

Figure 1 Study profile.

Abbreviations: AE-COPD, acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; PCR, polymerase chain reaction.

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population

Variables		AE-COPD		Stable COPD	P valuea
	n	%d	n	%d
Patients (total n = 202)	134	66.3	68	33.7
	n	%e	n	%e
Sex
Female	29	21.6	11	16.2	0.46
Male	105	78.4	57	83.8
Smoking behavior
Active smokers	32	23.9	21	30.9	0.18
Nonsmoker	24	17.9	6	8.3
Ex-smoker	78	58.2	41	60.3
Oral steroid medication
Yes	93	69.4	42	61.8	0.34
No	41	30.6	26	38.2
Inhaled corticosteroids
Yes	87	64.9	48	70.6	0.44
No	47	35.1	20	29.4
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Age (years)	67.8	8.7	65.3	10.8	0.22
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	27.2	5.4	27.4	5.3	0.80
	Median	Range	Median	Range
Pack yearsb	30.0	2–120	30.0	2–120	0.65
FEV1ad (L)	1.0	0.4–2.2	1.2	0.5–2.6	<0.0001
FEV1ad (% predicted)	36.8	16.7–79.0	43.4	19.4–77.3	<0.001
FEV1dis (L)	1.2	0.6–2.9	1.2	0.5–2.6	1.00
FEV1dis (% predicted)	45.2	18.5–78.9	43.4	19.4–77.3	0.41
CRP (mg/dL)	0.9	0.0–39.8	0.6	0.0–12.9	0.0005
Leukocytes/nL	10.9	0.7–27.2	10.2	5.1–24.0	0.031
Oral steroid dose (mg)c	10	0–150	5	0–150	0.040

a Notes: P values with statistical significance are printed in bold.

b Pack years in active and ex-smokers.

c Oral steroid dose in prednisone equivalent before admission.

d Percent in line.

e Percent in column.

Abbreviations: (AE-) COPD, (acute exacerbation of) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; FEV_1ad, forced expiratory volume in one second on admission; FEV_1dis, baseline forced expiratory volume in one second for the control group and before discharge after recovery from exacerbation for the AE-COPD group; SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 Clinical characteristics of the three HBoV-DNA-positive patients

	Patient BHL1	Patient BHL2	Patient BHL3
COPD Status	Acute Exacerbation	Stable	Stable
Age (years)	75	57	50
BMI (kg/m^2)	26.8	25.8	47.2
Smoking behavior	Nonsmoker	Ex-smoker	Active smoker
Pack years	–	80	90
FEV1 (L)	1.6	0.9	1.5
FEV1 (% predicted)	56.4	27.6	47.1
FEV1/FVC	57.9	35.1	64.2
CRP (mg/dL)	4.1	0.7	1.0
Leukocytes/nL	9.2	10.4	11.8
Oral steroid dose	15 mg/day	15 mg/day	None
ICS	Yes	Yes	No

Note: Oral steroid dose in mg/day prednisone equivalent.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC, forced vital capacity; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids.