Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors as stimulants of angiogenesis in cardiovascular disease and diabetes

Figures & data

Figure 1 Mechanisms by which PPARs effect angiogenesis.

Table 1 Effect of PPARs on angiogenesis

Receptor	Stimulation			Inhibition
	Type of cells/model	Study outcome	Ref	Type of cells/model	Study outcome	Ref
PPAR-α	Endothelial/interstitial cell co-culture assay	↑ endothelial tube formation	^Citation17	Human DM2 patients	↓ proliferative retinopathy ↓ albuminuria	^Citation14
	Murine corneal angiogenic model	↑ neovascularization	^Citation17	Porcine model coronary	↓ neointimal hyperplasia	^Citation15
	PPAR-α knockout mice	↑ VEGF expression ↑ angiogenesis	^Citation18	Mouse model	↓ vascular smooth muscle proliferation	^Citation16
	Bladder cancer cells	↑ VEGF expression	^Citation19	Mouse model cancer	↓ angiogenesis ↓ VEGF expression	^Citation59 ^Citation66
PPAR-β/δ	HUVEC	↑ endothelial cell Proliferation	^Citation22	Rats – ischemic injury model	↓ testicular ischemic injury ↓ ERK1/2 activation	^Citation60 ^Citation67
	HUVEC	↑ endothelial tube formation	^Citation23	Rat vascular smooth muscle cells	↓ proliferation ↓ migration	^Citation61 ^Citation68
	Murine skeletal muscle	↑ capillary number	^Citation24	Human HaCaT keratinocytes	↓ cell proliferation	^Citation62 ^Citation69
	Human colorectal tumor cells	↑ VEGF expression ↑ vessel invasion	^Citation25	Mouse cremasteric endothelium	↓ leukocyte adhesion and migration ↓ ICAM-1 and E-selectin	^Citation63 ^Citation70
	EPCs	↑ endothelial tube formation ↑ endothelial cell proliferation	^Citation26
PPAR-γ	Bovine aortic endothelial cells	↑ VEGF expression ↑ NO production	^Citation38	Choroidal endothelial cells	↓ endothelial cell proliferation ↑ differentiation	^Citation31
	Cultured rat myofibroblasts	↑ endothelial tube formation ↑ VEGF expression	^Citation39	HUVEC	↓ endothelial cell proliferation and migration ↓ endothelial tube formation	^Citation34
	Murine adipose tissue	↑ VEGF expression ↑ angiopoeitin-4	^Citation40	Endothelial cells	↑ apoptosis	^Citation35
	Rat cerebral ischemia model	↓ infarct size ↑ eNOS ↓ caspase-3	^Citation41	Rat astrocytes	↑ apoptosis ↑ differentiation	^Citation36
	Humans with DM2	↑ VEGF, ↑ IL-8 ↑ angiogenin	^Citation44	Rat carotid	↓ neointimal 32 hyperplasia	^Citation32

Abbreviations: DM2, diabetes mellitus type 2; EPCs, human endothelial progenitor cells; HUVE C, human umbilical vein endothelial cells; VE GF, vascular endothelial growth factor.

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