Relationship of anthropometric indicators with blood pressure levels and the risk of hypertension in Nigerian adults

Figures & data

Table 1 Independent t-test comparison between the physical characteristics and physiological response of the male and the female participants

Dependent variables	Male participants	Female participants
	(n = 334)	(n = 696)	t-cal	p-value
Age	44.2 ± 10.7	44.2 ± 12.3	−0.072	0.943
Height	1.67 ± 0.08	1.62 ± 0.07	13.77	0.000*
Weight	66.1 ± 12.2	64.0 ± 13.4	3.729	0.000*
BMI	23.8 ± 4.19	24.5 ± 4.99	−3.209	0.001*
SBP	127.5 ± 18.0	125.8 ± 20.9	1.905	0.057
DBP	77.3 ± 10.8	77.9 ± 11.9	−1.216	0.224
HR	72.4 ± 9.94	74.6 ± 11.7	−4.388	0.000*

Note:

* Indicate significance at P < 0.05.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate.

Table 2 Correlation between cardiovascular parameters, physical characteristics, and the measures of adiposity of all the participants

Dependent variables	Correlation coefficient (r)
	SBP	DBP	HR
Height (m)	−0.029	0.039	−0.045
	0.076	0.038	0.179
Weight (kg)	0.150	0.164	0.083
	0.000	0.000	0.000
BMI (kg/m^2)	0.175	0.156	0.109
	0.000	0.000	0.000

Notes: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.001.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate.

Table 3 Chi square analysis of the association between the distribution of percentage of hypertension and the different body mass index (BMI) category for all participants and by gender in the hypertensive population

	BMI category	Number	Percentage	X^2	p
All
	Underweight	30	4.70	9.961	0.019
	Normal weight	354	55.5
	Overweight	133	20.9
	Obesity	121	19.0
Total		638
Male
	Underweight	10	5.13	9.736	0.021
	Normal weight	115	59.0
	Overweight	52	26.7
	Obesity	18	9.23
Total		195
Female
	Underweight	23	5.19	0.381	0.944
	Normal weight	206	46.5
	Overweight	111	25.1
	Obesity	103	23.3
Total		443

Notes: p is significant at 0.05.

Table 4 Summary of the one-way ANOVA and least significant difference post-hoc multiple comparisons of the participants’ general characteristics, BP levels, and HR based on age stratification

Variables	20–40 yrs N = 211 X ± SD	41–60 yrs N = 302 X ± SD	61–80 yrs N = 104 X ± SD	81–100 yrs N = 21 X ± SD	F ratio	p-value
Age	34.4 ± 5.43a	50.0 ± 5.63b	68.3 ± 5.25c	88.4 ± 8.56d	1204.6	0.000
Height	1.65 ± 0.09a	1.64 ± 0.09a	1.59 ± 0.09b	1.63 ± 0.10a	13.4	0.000
Weight	67.6 ± 13.6a	68.6 ± 14.8a	67.4 ± 14. 8a	63.9 ± 15.6a	1.03	0.378
BMI	25.0 ± 5.34a	25.6 ± 5.45	26.7 ± 5.64b	23.7 ± 4.38a	3.62	0.013
SBP	145 ± 17.0a	152 ± 20.0b	164 ± 19.0c	162 ± 19.2c	27.96	0.000
DBP	90 ± 11.9a	92 ± 11.1b	90 ± 11.9	92 ± 4.99	3.29	0.020
HR	78 ± 12.5a	81 ± 9.1a	78 ± 12.4a	80 ± 8.2a	1.65	0.177

Notes:

a–e p is significant at 0.05. For a particular variable, mode means with different superscript are significantly (P > 0.05) different. Mode means with same superscripts are not significantly (P > 0.05) different. When only one contrast is significant, one of the cell means has no superscript attached. The pair of cell means that is significant has different superscripts.

Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation.

Table 5 Chi square analysis of the association between percentage of distribution of hypertension in each body mass index category and age

Years	20–40	41–60	61–80	81–100
N	211	302	104	21
					X^2	P value
Body mass index category
Underweight	17(8.1%)	14 (4.6%)	2 (1.9%)	0 (0.0%)	20.98	0.013
Normal weight	92 (43.6%)	120 (39.7%)	36 (34.6%)	13 (61.9%)
Overweight	62 (29.4%)	94 (31.1%)	32 (30.8%)	5 (23.8%)
Obesity	40 (19.0%)	74 (24.5%)	34 (32.7%)	3 (14.3%)