Adverse effects of fullerenes on endothelial cells: Fullerenol C₆₀(OH)₂₄ induced tissue factor and ICAM-1 membrane expression and apoptosis in vitro

Figures & data

Figure 1 Hydrodynamic size distribution of fullerene particles in nC₆₀ and C₆₀(OH)₂₄ preparations. Shown are the volume distributions (each line is the average of at least twelve measurements per sample) of the nC₆₀ water suspension (A), and C₆₀(OH)₂₄ in 10mM Nacl (B).

Figure 2 Flow cytometric analysis of HUVECs treated for 24 hrs with fullerenol C₆₀ (OH)₂₄ (100 μg/mL) or the vehicle (CTRL). Data are presented as means + SD (n = 3).

Figure 3 Cell cycle analysis of HUVECs treated 24 hrs with fullerenol C₆₀ (OH)₂₄ (100 μg/mL) or the vehicle (CTRL). Representative histograms of 3 experiments are shown.

Figure 4 Flow cytometric analysis of TUNEL assay of HUVECs treated for 24 hrs with fullerenol C₆₀ (OH)₂₄ (100 μg/mL) or the vehicle (CTRL). Representative double fluorescence plots of 3 experiments are shown.

Figure 5 Analysis of C₆₀(OH)₂₄ and nC₆₀ induced intracellular Ca²⁺ increase (Δ[Ca²⁺]_i) in HUVECs: (A) The upper tracing shows the time course of C₆₀(OH)₂₄-induced Δ[Ca²⁺]_i in a representative cell. The lower tracing shows a time course in a representative cell in a Ca²⁺ free solution (containing 1 mM EGTA). Arrows indicate when C₆₀(OH)₂₄ (final conc. 80 μg/mL) was added. There was no response observed when the fullerenol vehicle was added (not shown). (B) A dose-response curves for the effect of C₆₀(OH)₂₄ on Δ[Ca²⁺]_i and the percentage of cells responded. Mean values of 30 cells ± SD are shown. (C) The upper tracing shows the time course of nC₆₀-induced Δ[Ca²⁺]_i in a representative cell. The lower tracing shows a time course in a representative cell in a Ca²⁺ free solution (containing 1 mM EGTA). Arrows indicate when nC₆₀ (final conc. 10 μg/mL) was added. There was no response observed when the nC₆₀ vehicle was added (not shown). (D) A dose-response curves for the effect of nC₆₀ on Δ[Ca²⁺]_i and the percentage of cells responded. Mean values of 30 cells ± SD are shown.