Drug delivery and nanoparticles: Applications and hazards

Figures & data

Table 1 Overview of nanoparticles and their applications in Life Sciences

Particle class	Materials	Application
Natural materials or derivatives	Chitosan Dextrane Gelatine Alginates Liposomes Starch	Drug/Gene delivery
Dendrimers	Branched polymers	Drug delivery
Fullerenes	Carbon based carriers	Photodynamics Drug delivery
Polymer carriers	Polylactic acid Poly(cyano)acrylates Polyethyleinemine Block copolymers Polycaprolactone	Drug/gene delivery
Ferrofluids	SPIONS USPIONS	Imaging (MRI)
Quantum dots	Cd/Zn-selenides	Imaging In vitro diagnostics
Various	Silica-nanoparticles Mixtures of above	Gene delivery

Table 2 Chemicals under investigation for drug delivery

Albumin	Damascelli et al 2003
Cetyl alcohol/polysorbate	Koziara et al 2004
Chitosan	Dyer et al 2002; Huang et al 2004
Gelatin	Cascone et al 2002
Gold	Hainfield et al 2004; Paciotti et al 2004
Hydrogels	Gupta and Gupta 2004
Magnetic iron oxide	Gupta and Gupta 2005
Methoxy	Kim et al 2003
poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(ε-caprolactone)
Polyalkylcyanoacrylate composites	Alyautdin et al 1997; Kreuter et al 2003
Poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic)acid (PLGA)	Panyam et al 2002; Weissenbrock et al 2004
Solid lipid formulations	Muller et al 2000; Wissing et al 2004

Figure 1 Graph illustrating contactless controllable drug carrying system based on thermosensitive magnetic nano- and micro particles. The insert shows the application of the system with Rhodamine B encapsulated beads that is released after heating up to 45 °C.

Table 3 Various denominations of particles in inhalation toxicology and drug delivery in relation to their source (ambient, bulk, engineered)

Particle type	Description
PM10, PM2.5	Particle mass fraction in ambient air with a mean diameter of 10 or 2.5 μm respectively. Basis of current standards for ambient particles in Europe and USA
Coarse particles	The mass fraction of PM10, which is bigger than 2.5 μm
Ultrafine particles (PM0.1)	The fraction of PM10 with a size cut-off at 0.1 μm. Contains primary particles and agglomerates smaller than 100 nm
PSP	Poorly soluble particles with low specific toxicity. Maybe be fine or ultrafine. Terminology used in relation to bulk synthetic particles. Examples TiO2, carbon blacks, Amorphous silica, Iron oxides (Fe2O3), Zinc oxides (ZnO)
CDNP	Combustion derived nanoparticles, such as diesel exhaust particles (DEP)
DEP	Diesel exhaust particles

Table 4 Toxicity of engineered and combustion (nano) particles as illustrated by their most unique adverse effects in vivo and in vitro

Description of finding, in vivo	Particle types
NPs cause pulmonary inflammation in the rat	All PSP
Later studies show that inflammation is mediated by surface area dose	SWCNT, MWCNT
NPs cause more lung tumors than fine particles in rat chronic studies. Effect is surface area mediated	PSP only
NPs cause progression of plague formation (ApoE -/- mice)	SWCNT, PM2.5
NPs affect immune response to common allergens	Polystyrene, CB, DEP
NsP can have access to systemic circulation upon inhalation and instillation	Specific NP, dependent on surface coating
Description of finding, in vitro
NPs cause oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro, by inflammatory action and generation of surface radicals	PSP, NP general, CNT
NPs inhibit macrophage phagocytosis, mobility and killing	CB, TiO2
NPs cause platelet aggregation	PM, SWCNT, fullerenes, latex-COOH surface
NPs exposure adversely affects cardiac function and vascular homeostasis	PM, SWCNT
NPs interfere with Ca-transport and cause increased binding of pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-kB	CB (< 100 nm), ROFA, PM2.5
NPs can affect mitochondrial function	Ambient NP,
NPs can translocate to the brain from the nose	MnO2, Au, carbon
NPs do affect rolling in hepatic tissue	CB

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