The influence of health-seeking behavior on the incidence and perinatal outcome of umbilical cord prolapse in Nigeria

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic data of incidence of umbilical cord prolapse in women with and without prenatal care

Age in years	Prenatal care	No prenatal care	Total
15–24	5	11	16
25–34	8	33	41
≥35	5	10	15
Total	18 (25%)	54 (75%)	72

Notes: Chi square: 1.55; Degree of freedom: 2; P-Value: 0.461; There is no statistical significant difference in the age group of women with and without prenatal care in regards to incidence of umbilical cord prolapse.

Table 2 Comparison of modes of delivery between women with prenatal care and without prenatal care with umbilical cord prolapse

Mode of delivery	Prenatal care	No prenatal care	Total
Emergency cesarean section	10	26	36
Forceps or vacuum delivery	4	5	9
Assisted vaginal breech delivery	1	6	7
Spontaneous vaginal delivery	2	10	12
Destructive operation	1	7	8
Total	18	54	72

Notes: Chi square: 3.5; degree of freedom: 4 and P-value: 0.478; There is no statistical significant difference in the mode of delivery between women with prenatal care and without prenatal care.

Table 3 The perinatal outcome between women with prenatal care and without prenatal care

Perinatal outcome	Prenatal care	No prenatal care	Total
Surviving beyond perinatal period	14	29	43
Perinatal death	4	25	29
Total	18	54	72

Notes: P-value: 061, not statistically significant. The relative risk of perinatal death is 3.02, 95% CI (0.879 to 10.356) at a P-value of 0.061. However, there is no statistical significant difference of perinatal death between women who had inadequate prenatal visits compared with women who received adequate prenatal care.

Abbreviation: CI: Confidence interval.

Table 4 Apgar scores of surviving babies between women with prenatal care and no prenatal care with umbilical cord prolapse

Apgar scores	Prenatal care	No prenatal care	Total
Apgar scores in 5 minutes ≥ 7	10 (71.4%)	11 (37.9%)	21 (48.8%)
Apgar scores in 5 minutes < 7	4 (28.6%)	18 (62.1%)	22 (51.2%)
Total	14	29	43

Notes: The relative risk of perinatal morbidity and neonatal intensive care unit admission is 4.09, 95% CI (1.03 to 16.30) at a P-value of 0.041. There is a statistical significant difference of Apgar scores at 5 minutes between babies of women with prenatal care and without prenatal care.

Abbreviation: CI: Confidence interval

Table 5 Comparison of timing of perinatal death between women with prenatal care and without prenatal care with umbilical cord prolapse

Timing of perinatal death	Prenatal care	No prenatal care	Total
Perinatal death before arrival in hospital	1	21	22
Perinatal care in hospital	3	4	7
Total	4	25	29

Notes: The odds ratio of perinatal death before arrival in hospital is 0.0635: 95% confidence interval (0.0052 to 0.776) at P-value of 0.03 between women with prenatal care and without prenatal care. There is a statistical significant difference between women with prenatal care and without in regards to timing of perinatal death.