Effects of psycho-educational training and stimulant medication on visual perceptual skills in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Figures & data

Table 1 Age, sex, ADHD type, co-morbidity, and medication status of the children

Patient number	Age (months)	Sex	ADHD type	Co-morbidity	Medication status
1	84	F	Combined	Dysgraphia	Methylphenidate
2	103	M	Combined	Borderline Intelligence	Methylphenidate
3	93	M	Combined	Borderline Intelligence	Methylphenidate
4	93	M	Combined	Dyspraxia	Methylphenidate
5	115	M	Combined		Methylphenidate
6	103	M	Combined	Dyspraxia	Methylphenidate
7	87	F	Combined	Dysgraphia	Methylphenidate
8	84	M	Combined		Methylphenidate
9	123	M	Combined		No
10	99	M	Combined	Dyspraxia	No
11	119	M	Combined	Dyspraxia	No
12	88	M	Combined	Dysgraphia	No
13	92	F	Combined	Borderline Intelligence	No
14	120	M	Combined	Dyspraxia	No
15	94	M	Combined	Dyspraxia	No
16	96	M	Combined	Borderline Intelligence	No

Abbreviation: ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Table 2 Means, standard deviations, and ranges of the total and sub-category TVPS scores in tests in medicated and nonmedicated patients

	Pre-test		Post-test
	Medicated	Nonmedicated	Medicated	Nonmedicated
	Mean ± SD (range)	Mean ± SD (range)	Mean ± SD (range)	Mean ± SD (range)
Total TVPS score	39.25 ± 21.829 (12–72)	43.125 ± 24.098 (7–71)	60.625 ± 25.690 (30–105)	55.5 ± 20.853 (15–87)
Discrimination	5.875 ± 4.086 (1–12)	7 ± 5.01 (1–14)	8.375 ± 5.370 (1–16)	9.5 ± 3.854 (1–13)
Memory	5 ± 3.891 (1–213)	7.625 ± 4.479 (1–13)	9.875 ± 4.190 (2–15)	8 ± 4.175 (2–14)
Spatial Relationships	6.375 ± 6.116 (1–17)	7. 25 ± 5.09 (1–13)	9 ± 7.091 (1–18)	10.25 ± 4.301 (1–14)
Form Constancy	5.5 ± 3.464 (2–12)	6 ± 3.464 (1–11)	8.375 ± 5.041 (1–16)	9.25 ± 2.964 (5–13)
Sequential Memory	5.25 ± 4.097 (1–12)	5.6 ± 4.44 (1–13)	7.625 ± 4.34 (2–14)	6.25 ± 3.196 (1–12)
Figure ground	7.25 ± 3.575 (1–11)	5.375 ± 4.406 (1–14)	10.125 ± 3.482 (5–16)	8 ± 3.817 (1–13)
Closure	4 ± 2.878 (1–9)	5.375 ± 3.02 (1–8)	7.25 ± 3.327 (3–13)	4.25 ± 3.732 (1–12)

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; TVPS, Test of Visual Perceptual Skills.

Table 3 Two by two mixed analysis of variance

Source of variation	SS	df	MS	F	Prob > F
Between subjects variable
Medication status	3.125	1	3.125	0.0031	0.9563
Subjects (within medication status)	14032.375	14	1002.312
Within subjects variable
Pre-test/Post-test	2278.125	1	2278.125	30.91	0.0001
Interaction	162	1	162	2.20	0.1604
Residual	1031.875	14	73.705
Total	17507.5	31	564.758