Post-traumatic stress in patients with injury-related chronic pain participating in a multimodal pain rehabilitation program

Figures & data

Figure 1 Total IES score before (29.5 ± 12.9; range: 1–57) and after (21.8 ± 13.2; range: 1–49) in all patients (n = 28).

Abbreviation: IES, Impact of Event scale.

Table 1 Before rehabilitation

	All patients (n = 28)	Men (n = 7)	Women (n = 21)	<40 years (n = 16)	≥40 years (n = 12)
IES total score	29.5 ± 12.9	26.1 ± 9.3	30.6 ± 13.9	33.8 ± 10.9	23.7 ± 13.6
Intrusion	16.1 ± 6.8	16.0 ± 4.6	16.2 ± 7.5	18.4 ± 6.4	13.2 ± 6.5
Avoidance	13.4 ± 8.9	10.1 ± 5.9	14.4 ± 9.6	15.4 ± 8.8	10.6 ± 8.7
VAS	67.5 ± 21.9	57.1 ± 24.0	70.9 ± 20.7	70.7 ± 23.2	63.2 ± 20.3
HAD anxiety	9.26 ± 4.2	8.4 ± 4.6	9.5 ± 4.2	10.3 ± 4.2	8.0 ± 4.1
HAD depression	7.5 ± 4.1	6.1 ± 3.9	8.0 ± 4.1	8.0 ± 4.1	6.9 ± 4.2

Abbreviations: IES, Impact of Event scale; HAD, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale.

Table 3 After rehabilitation

	All patients (n = 28)	Men (n = 7)	Women (n = 21)	<40 years (n = 16)	≥40 years (n = 12)
IES total score	21.8 ± 13.2	17.4 ± 13.5	23.2 ± 13.1	26.3 ± 0.8	15.7 ± 14.2
Intrusion	11.4 ± 7.5	10.7 ± 8.0	11.6 ± 7.5	14.1 ± 7.4	7.7 ± 6.1
Avoidance	10.4 ± 8.5	6.7 ± 6.5	11.6 ± 8.8	12.2 ± 8.0	8.0 ± 8.8
VAS	57.8 ± 21.6	57.6 ± 27.3	57.9 ± 20.1	60.6 ± 23.7	54.2 ± 18.7
HAD anxiety	8.2 ± 3.9	7.7 ± 3.5	8.3 ± 4.1	9.8 ± 3.9	6.0 ± 2.8
HAD depression	7.1 ± 3.7	5.7 ± 3.1	7.6 ± 3.9	7.4 ± 4.2	6.7 ± 3.3

Abbreviations: IES, Impact of Event scale; HAD, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale.

Table 2 Level of stress reaction before rehabilitation

	All patients (n = 28) (%)	Men (n = 7) (%)	Women (n = 21) (%)	<40 years (n = 16) (%)	≥40 years (n = 12) (%)
Subclinical	7.1		9.5		16.7
Mild	32.1	42.9	28.6	25.0	41.7
Moderate	53.6	57.1	52.4	68.8	33.3
Severe	7.1		9.5	6.3	8.3

Table 4 Level of stress reaction after rehabilitation

	All patients (n = 28) (%)	Men (n = 7) (%)	Women (n = 21) (%)	<40 years (n = 16) (%)	≥40 years (n = 12) (%)
Sub clinical	17.9	14.3	19.0	6.3	33.3
Mild	46.4	71.4	38.1	43.8	50.0
Moderate	32.1	14.3	38.1	50.0	8.3
Severe	3.6		4.8		8.3