Patterns of prefrontal dysfunction in alcoholics with and without Korsakoff’s syndrome, patients with Parkinson’s disease, and patients with rupture and repair of the anterior communicating artery

Figures & data

Table 1 Means and standard deviations for for age, educational level, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III) Full Scale IQ (FSIQ), Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS-III) General Memory Quotient (GMQ), and Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) score. The comparison groups consist of healthy Control participants, non-Korsakoff alcoholics, and patients with alcoholic Korsakoff’s syndrome

				WAIS-III	WMS-III
Group	N	Age	Education	FSIQ	GMQ	MMSE
Control	35
Mean		52.8	14.9	116.1	108.1	29.1
SD		21.4	1.4	13.7	13.4	1.3
Min		20	12			24
Max		84	17.5			30
Alcoholic	28
Mean		56.5	14.8	108.8	106.1	28.7
SD		11.7	1.9	13.9	14.8	1.2
Min		35	12			27
Max		78	19			30
Korsakoff	9
Mean		71.9	13.3	97.8	66.6	24.1
SD		12.4	2.4	12.6	12.0	4.2
Min		52	9			19
Max		83	17			29

Table 2 Means and standard deviations for healthy control participants and patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) for age, educational level, Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) score, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III) Full Scale IQ (FSIQ), and Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS-III) General Memory Quotient (GMQ)

					WAIS-III	WMS-III
Group	N	Age	Education	MMSE	FSIQ	GMQ
Control	28
Mean		57.9	17.5	29.4	115.0	108.9
SD		11.6	2.5	0.69	14.7	15.4
Min		39	13	28
Max		77	24	30
PD Patients	18
Mean		63.3	17.9	29.2	118.7	98.0
SD		6.4	3.6	1.1	11.3	17.1
Min		51	12	27
Max		69	21	30

Table 3 Healthy non-neurological control participants are compared with patients with rupture and repair of the anterior communicating artery (ACoA). Group means and standard deviations are provided for age, educational level, Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) score, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III) Full Scale IQ (FSIQ), and Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS-III) General Memory Quotient (GMQ)

					WAIS-III	WMS-III
Group	N	Age	Education	MMSE	FSIQ	GMQ
Control	7
Mean		65.4	13.6	29.3	113.9	112.9
SD		6.4	1.3	1.1	8.5	16.5
Min		56	12	27
Max		72	15	30
ACoA	4
Mean		63.8	12.3*	28.6	107.6	94.6
SD		6.9	0.5	1.6	13.4	28.8
Min		54	12	25
Max		72	15	30

* Statistically significant group difference, p < 0.05.

Figure 1 Group patterns of dorsolateral prefrontal and orbitofrontal function relative to non-neurological control (NC) participants, except where noted (— indicates that post hoc tests were not carried out, because the group main effect of the ANOVA was not significant). Downward arrows indicate observed deficits, and equal signs indicate absence of deficits. The groups consisted of Korsakoff patients (KS), non-Korsakoff alcoholics (AL), patients with rupture and repair of the anterior communicating artery (ACoA), and patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), including subgroups of PD patients with right-side motor symptom onset (RPD) or left-side motor symptom onset (LPD).

Table 4 Means and standard deviations by group for number of errors on Object Alternation (OA), percentile score on perseverative error measure of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST-pe), number of categories completed on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST-cc), total number of words generated on the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT), and total number of errors on Trails B

		Tests of orbital prefrontal function				Tests of dorsolateral prefrontal function
		OA		WCST-pe		WCST-cc		COWAT		Trails
Group	N	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
KS	9	37.8*	23.4	33.9*	38.9	2.2*	2.2	8.8*	8.8	1.9*	1.9
AL	28	38.4*	22.3	38.0*	26.7	4.6	1.8	14.8	4.6	0.64	1.2
NC	35	23.8	19.5	56.4	28.1	5.2	2.0	16.7	5.3	0.66	1.3
ACoA	4	42.5*	5.26	18.5*	13.4	2.3	2.0	8.3	3.8	0.75	0.5
NC	7	31.9	6.89	62.1	21.0	5.6	1.7	15.1	6.3	1.3	1.1
PD	18	35.9*	18.6	29.7*	20.6	4.4*	1.8	15.0	3.2	0.70	1.0
NC	28	22.9	17.2	51.1	26.2	5.6	1.3	16.9	4.0	0.68	1.1
RPD	10	43.6*	18.2	31.4	22.3	4.0*	2.5	15.4	4.7	0.75	1.0
LPD	8	31.0	18.9	27.0	18.9	5.6	1.0	15.2	1.7	1.3	0.9

* Statistically significant difference relative to NC group at p < 0.05.

Abbreviations: KS, Korsakoff group; AL, alcoholic group; AcoA, patients with rupture and repair of the anterior communicating artery; PD, patients with Parkinson’s disease; RPD, PD patients with right-side motor symptom onset; LPD, PD patients with left-side motor symptom onset; NC, non-neurological control group).