Free radicals in the aqueous humor of patients with glaucoma

Figures & data

Table 1A Patient demographic data

NVG group
Case	Disease	Age	Gender
1	NVG	56	male
2	NVG	76	male
3	NVG	51	male
4	NVG	81	male
5	NVG	63	female
6	NVG	63	female
7	NVG	69	male
8	NVG	59	female
9	NVG	70	male
10	NVG	79	male

Table 1B Patient demographic data

Non-NVG group
Case	Disease	Age	Gender
11	PACG	21	male
12	PACG	73	female
13	PACG	63	male
14	POAG	57	male
15	POAG	57	male
16	NTG	67	female
17	PACG	66	female
18	POAG	54	male
19	POAG	74	male
20	POAG	38	female
21	POAG	57	female
22	POAG	59	female
23	POAG	77	female
24	POAG	59	female
25	PACG	72	female
26	POAG	56	male
27	POAG	70	male

Table 2 ESR measurement conditions

Power	8 mW
Magnetic field	334.1 mT
Field modulation width	0.1 mT
Frequency modulation	9.415 GHz
Sweep width	±5 mT
Sweep time	2 min
Time constant	0.1 sec
Receiver gain	7.9 × 100
Temperature	25°C

Figure 1 In the NVG group, free radical waveforms are detected that differ from AFRs in all 10 eyes. These waveforms are unchanged following addition of catalase but change to AFRs following addition of SOD.

Figure 2 In 13 of the 17 eyes in the non-NVG group, AFR spectra are observed and the waveforms do not change following addition of catalase or SOD.

Figure 3 In 4 of the 17 non-NVG group eyes, inconclusive AFR waveforms are observed. These waveforms do not change following addition of catalase but change to a more conclusive AFR waveform following addition of SOD.

Figure 4 In vitro formation of superoxide with a xanthine-xanthine oxidase system followed by the addition of different concentrations of L-ascorbic acid.

Table 3A Free radicals in aqueous humor of patients with glaucoma

NVG group
Case	Aqueous only	Aqueous + catalase	Aqueous + SOD	Free radical species
1	non-AFR	non-AFR	AFR	superoxide
2	non-AFR	non-AFR	AFR	superoxide
3	non-AFR	non-AFR	AFR	superoxide
4	non-AFR	non-AFR	AFR	superoxide
5	non-AFR	non-AFR	AFR	superoxide
6	non-AFR	non-AFR	AFR	superoxide
7	non-AFR	non-AFR	AFR	superoxide
8	non-AFR	non-AFR	AFR	superoxide
9	non-AFR	non-AFR	AFR	superoxide
10	non-AFR	non-AFR	AFR	superoxide

Table 3B Free radicals in aqueous humor of patients with glaucoma

Non-NVG group
Case	Aqueous only	Aqueous + catalase	Aqueous + SOD	Free radical species
11	AFR	AFR	AFR	AFR
12	AFR	AFR	AFR	AFR
13	AFR	AFR	AFR	AFR
14	AFR	AFR	AFR	AFR
15	AFR	AFR	AFR	AFR
16	AFR	AFR	AFR	AFR
17	AFR	AFR	AFR	AFR
18	AFR	AFR	AFR	AFR
19	AFR	AFR	AFR	AFR
20	AFR	AFR	AFR	AFR
21	AFR	AFR	AFR	AFR
22	AFR	AFR	AFR	AFR
23	AFR	AFR	AFR	AFR
24	imperfect AFR	imperfect AFR	AFR	AFR, superoxide
25	imperfect AFR	imperfect AFR	AFR	AFR, superoxide
26	imperfect AFR	imperfect AFR	AFR	AFR, superoxide
27	imperfect AFR	imperfect AFR	AFR	AFR, superoxide

Figure 5 A) AFRs are generated from L-ascorbic acid as a result of L-ascorbic acid oxidation by unpaired electrons of superoxides. Moreover, the oxidized type of dehydroascorbic acid is reduced by the action of Gpx and GSH. B) In the NVG group, L-ascorbic acid captures a large amount of superoxides and is subjected to peroxidation to the state of oxidized ascorbic acid through the AFR stage, resulting in superoxides being detected without being eliminated by ascorbic acid. C) In the NVG group following addition of SOD, excessive superoxides are eliminated, causing the L-ascorbic acid to remain at the AFR stage without being peroxidated to oxidized L-ascorbic acid. D) In the non-NVG group, no superoxides are present to the degree they are present in the NVG group, enabling the L-ascorbic acid to eliminate superoxides and resulting in the detection of AFRs.