Distribution of bacterial keratitis and emerging resistance to antibiotics in China from 2001 to 2004

Figures & data

Table 1 Organisms in bacterial isolates during 2001–2004 in China

Bacteria	2001–2002		2003–2004		Total
	Isolates	Percent (%)	Isolates	Percent (%)	Isolates	Percent (%)
Staphylococcus epdiermidis	22	15.83	17	12.14	39	13.98
Staphylococcus aureus	9	6.47	11	7.86	20	7.17
Micrococcus sp.	18	12.95	9	6.43	27	9.68
Pneumonococcus	11	7.91	10	7.14	21	7.53
Streptococcus α-hem.	3	2.16	3	2.14	6	2.15
Other Gram-positive cocci	2	1.44	4	2.86	6	2.15
Total Gram-positive cocci	65	46.76	54	38.57	119	42.65
Corynebacterium sp.	22	15.83	25	17.86	47	16.85
Actinomyces sp.	3	2.16	3	2.14	6	2.15
Bacillus sp.	3	2.16	1	0.71	4	1.43
Other Gram-positive bacilli	1	0.71	0	0	1	0.36
Total Gram-positive bacilli	29	20.86	29	20.71	58	20.79
Pseudomonas sp.	25	17.99	31	22.15	56	20.07
Cedecea sp.	7	5.04	0	0	7	2.51
Serratia sp.	1	0.71	3	2.14	4	1.43
Proteus sp.	0	0	2	1.43	2	0.72
Klebsiella sp.	2	1.44	2	1.43	4	1.43
Other Gram-negative bacilli	8	5.76	17	12.14	25	8.96
Total Gram-negative bacilli	43	30.94	55	39.29	98	35.12
Total Gram-negative cocci	2	1.44	2	1.43	4	1.43
Total bacterial isolates	139	100	140	100	279	100

Table 2 Distribution of the bacterial keratitis isolates in different age-groups

Bacteria	Child group		Adult group		Elderly group
	Isolates	Percent (%)	Isolates	Percent (%)	Isolates	Percent (%)
Staphylococcus sp.	4		67	34.7	19	26.4
Streptococcus sp.	2		11	5.7	16	22.2
Total Gram-positive cocci	6		78	40.4	35	48.6
Corynebacterium sp.	2		33	17.1	12	16.7
Other Gram-positive bacilli	0		10	5.2	1	1.4
Total Gram-positive bacilli	2		43	22.3	13	18.1
Pseudomonas sp.	4		42	21.8	10	13.9
Other Gram-negative bacilli	2		27	14.0	13	18.0
Total Gram-negative bacilli	6		69	35.8	23	31.9
Gram-negative cocci	0		3	1.5	1	1.4
Total bacterial isolates	14		193	100	72	100

Table 3 Susceptibility tests of the keratitis isolates

Bacteria	Ofloxacin			Ciprofloxacin			Levofloxacin			Tobramycin
	S	I	R	S	I	R	S	I	R	S	I	R
Staphylococcus epdiermidis	24	0	15	18	8	13	27	4	8	23	3	13
Staphylococcus aureus	16	0	4	11	5	4	17	0	3	13	0	7
Micrococcus sp.	21	0	6	17	3	7	25	1	1	23	2	2
Pneumonococcus	17	0	3	13	3	4	16	0	4	4	0	16
Streptococcus α-hem.	3	0	2	3	0	2	3	0	2	1	0	4
Streptococcus β-hem.	0	0	2	1	0	1	2	0	0	2	0	0
Other Gram-positive cocci	2	0	2	2	0	2	2	0	2	2	0	2
Total Gram-positive bacilli	83	0	34	65	19	33	92	5	20	68	5	44
Corynebacterium sp.	23	0	7	18	2	10	25	1	3	23	2	5
Actinomyces sp.	2	0	0	2	0	0	2	0	0	2	0	0
Other Gram-positive bacilli	5	0	0	5	0	0	5	0	0	5	0	0
Total Gram-positive bacilli	30	0	7	25	2	10	32	1	3	30	2	5
Pseudomonas sp.	49	2	4	42	9	4	54	0	2	48	1	6
Klebsiella sp.	4	0	0	3	0	1	4	0	0	3	0	1
Serratia sp.	4	0	0	3	1	0	4	0	0	3	0	1
Proteus sp.	3	0	0	2	1	0	3	0	0	2	0	1
Other Gram-negative bacilli	19	0	3	15	4	3	18	0	4	15	1	6
Total Gram-negative bacilli	79	2	7	65	15	8	83	0	6	71	2	15
Gram-negative cocci	2	1	0	2	1	0	3	0	0	3	0	0
Total	194	3	48	157	37	51	210	6	29	172	9	64

Abbreviations: R, resistant; I, intermediate; S, sensitive; I+R, percentage of resistance to antibiotic strain; S+I+R, strain × 100%.

Table 4 Antibiotic resistance of keratitis isolates

Bacteria	Total isolates	Ofloxacin		Ciprofloxacin		Levofloxacin		Tobramycin
		Resistance isolates	%	Resistance isolates	%	Resistance isolates	%	Resistance isolates	%
Staphylococcus sp*.	59	19	32.2%	30	50.8%	15	25.4%	23	39.0%
Streptococcus sp.	27	7	25.9%	10	37.0%	6	22.2%	20	74.1%
Gram-positive bacilli	37	7	18.9%	12	32.4%	5	13.5%	7	18.9%
Gram-negative bacilli	88	9	10.2%	23	26.1%	6	6.8%	17	19.3%
Gram-negative cocci	3	1		1		0		0
Total	245	51	20.8%	88	35.9%	38	15.5%	72	29.4%

* Notes: Staphylococcus sp. mainly include Staphylococcus epidermidis, or Staphylococcus aureus.

Table 5 Antibiotic resistance of keratitis isolates in age-groups

Bacteria	Total isolates	Ofloxacin		Ciprofloxacin		Levofloxacin		Tobramycin
		Resistance isolates	%	Resistance isolates	%	Resistance isolates	%	Resistance isolates	%
Children	13	1	7.7%	2	15.4%	0	0%	5	38.5%
Adults	267	36	13.5%	57	21.3%	25	9.4%	41	15.4%
Elderly	65	14	21.5%	29	44.6%	13	20.0%	26	40.0%
Total	245	51	20.8%	88	35.9%	38	15.5%	72	29.4%