Early seizures in patients with acute stroke: Frequency, predictive factors, and effect on clinical outcome

Figures & data

Table 1 Main features of patients with and without ES

	Total n (%)	With ES n (%)	Without ES n (%)	Univariate analysis
				P
No. of patients	638	31(4.8)	607
Mean age	72.8 ± 13.2	76.8 ± 10.3	72.6 ± 13.3
Sex, male	364 (57)	21 (67)	343 (56.5)
Risk factors
Hypertension	450 (70.6)	26 (83.8)	424 (69.9)
Diabetes	138 (21.6)	6 (19.3)	132 (21.2)
Ischemic heart disease	112 (7.5)	6 (19.3)	106 (17.4)
Atrial fibrillation	139 (21.8)	5 (16.1)	134 (22.2)
Peripheral arterial disease	27 (4.2)	2 (6.4)	25 (4.1)
Hyperlipidemia	240 (37.6)	11 (35.4)	229 (37.7)
Smoking	155 (24.2)	10 (31.2)	145 (23.9)
Previous TIA	30 (4.7)	1 (3.2)	29 (4.7)
Clinical data
Hemorrhagic stroke	95 (14.9)	5 (16.3)	90 (14.8)
Lacunar	128 (20.0)	4 (12.9)	124 (20.5)
Atherothrombotic	144 (22.5)	9 (29.0)	135 (22.2)
Cardioembolic	150 (23.5)	7 (22.5)	143 (23.5)
Cortical involvement	230 (36.0)	18 (58.1)	212 (33.2)	0.01
Large size	97 (15.2)	9 (29.0)	88 (14.8)	0.03

Table 2 Comparison of patients with and without ES evaluated for NIHSS and HT

	Total n (%)	With ES n (%)	Without ES n (%)	Univariate analysis
				P
No. of patients	436	22 (5.0)	414
Mean age	72.8 ± 13.0	75.9 ± 11.4	72.6 ± 13.1
Sex, male	251 (57.5)	16 (72.7)	235 (56.8)
Risk factors
Hypertension	321 (73.6)	19 (86.4)	302 (72.9)
Diabetes	95 (21.8)	6 (27.2)	89 (21.5)
Ischemic heart disease	57 (13.1)	2 (9.1)	55 (13.3)
Atrial fibrillation	105 (24.1)	4 (18.1)	101 (24.3)
Peripheral arterial disease	16 (3.7)	2 (9.1)	14 (3.4)
Hyperlipidemia	171 (39.2)	10 (45.4)	161 (38.9)
Smoking	129 (29.6)	10 (45.4)	119 (28.7)
Previous TIA	22 (5.0)	1 (4.5)	21 (5.1)
Clinical data
Ischemic stroke	368 (84.4)	19 (86.3)	349 (84.2)
Lacunar	100 (22.9)	4 (18.1)	96 (23.1)
Atherothrombotic	95 (21.8)	7 (31.8)	88 (21.2)
Cardioembolic	105 (24.1)	4 (18.1)	101 (24.4)
Cortical involvement	168 (38.5)	14 (63.6)	154 (37.1)	0.01
Large size	65 (14.9)	6 (27.3)	59 (14.2)	0.008
Hemorrhagic transformation	34 (9.2)	7 (36.8)	27 (7.7)	0.001
NIHSS (score)	10.1 ± 7.5	13.2 ± 9.3	10.0 ± 7.3	0.05

Table 3 Patient characteristics and outcome

	Total n (%)	Rankin <3 n (%)	Rankin ≥3 n (%)	Univariate analysis
				P
No. of patients	638	290	348
Mean age	72.8 ± 13.2	67.8 ± 13.1	76.9 ± 11.5	0.001
Sex, male	363 (56.9)	190 (65.5)	173 (49.7)	0.001
Risk factors
Hypertension	450 (70.5)	192 (66.2)	258 (74.1)	0.04
Diabetes	136 (21.3)	60 (20.6)	76 (21.8)
Ischemic heart disease	110 (17.2)	48 (16.5)	62 (17.8)
Atrial fibrillation	138 (22.0)	39 (13.7)	99 (28.9)	0.001
Peripheral arterial disease	25 (3.9)	8 (2.7)	17 (4.9)
Hyperlipidemia	244 (38.2)	122 (42.0)	122 (35.0)	0.057
Smoking	155 (24.2)	78 (26.8)	77 (22.1)
Previous TIA	30 (4.7)	12 (4.1)	18 (5.2)
Clinical data
With ES	31 (4.8)	13 (4.5)	18 (5.2)
Hemorrhagic stroke	95 (14.9)	25 (26.3)	70 (73.7)	0.001
Lacunar	133 (20.8)	72 (24.8)	61 (17.5)	0.03
Atherothrombotic	149 (23.3)	66 (22.7)	83 (23.8)
Cardioembolic	152 (23.8)	46 (15.9)	106 (30.4)	0.001
Cortical involvement	242 (37.9)	83 (28.6)	159 (45.6)	0.001
Large size	106 (16.6)	15 (5.2)	91 (26.1)	0.001
NIHSS (score)	436/638	5.0 ± 3.3	14.2 ± 7.3	0.0001
Hemorrhagic transformation	34 (9.2)	5 (2.9)	29 (14.9)	0.0001