Risk factors associated with methamphetamine use and heart failure among Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Island peoples

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of Native Hawaiian and Pacific Island people with moderate to severe heart failure by methamphetamine use (N = 82)

Variable	Positive methamphetamine use (n = 18) n (%)	Negative methamphetamine use (n = 64) n (%)	Odds ratio (95% CI)
Age
<40 years	6 (33)	6 (9)	1.0 Referent
40–49 years	6 (33)	10 (16)	0.60 (0.13–2.7)
≥50 years	6 (33)	48 (75)	0.13 (0.03–0.51)
Sex
Female	4 (22)	22 (34)	1.0 Referent
Male	14 (78)	42 (66)	1.8 (0.54–6.2)
Marital status
Currently married	2 (11)	37 (58)	1.0 Referent
Never	10 (56)	14 (22)	13 (2.6–68)
Divorced or separated	5 (28)	9 (14)	10 (1.7–62)
Widow or widower	1 (6)	4 (6)	4.6 (0.34–63)
Education level
Less than high school	4 (22)	10 (16)	1.0 Referent
High school diploma/GED	9 (50)	32 (51)	0.77 (0.20–3.0)
Some college/technical training	2 (11)	18 (29)	0.31 (0.05–2.0)
College degree	3 (17)	3 (5)	2.8 (0.39–20)
Race/Ethnicity
Native Hawaiian	16 (89)	40 (63)	1.0 Referent
Pacific Island people	2 (11)	24 (38)	0.21 (0.04–.99)
Smoked 100 cigarettes in lifetime (%)
No	2 (11)	17 (27)	1.0 Referent
Yes	16 (89)	47 (73)	2.9 (0.60–14)
Alcohol consumed in past 12 months
No	5 (28)	29 (45)	1.0 Referent
Yes	13 (72)	35 (55)	2.2 (0.68–.8)

Table 2 Clinical characteristics among Native Hawaiian and Pacific Island peoples with moderate – severe heart failure by methamphetamine use (N = 82)

Clinical characteristic	Positive methamphetamine use (n = 18) n (%)	Negative methamphetamine use (n = 64) n (%)	Odds ratio (95% CI)
Blood pressure
Systolic blood pressure*
<140 mmHg	16 (89)	60 (94)	1.0 Referent
≥140 mmHg	2 (11)	4 (6)	1.9 (0.32–11)
Diastolic blood pressure*
<90 mmHg	16 (89)	59 (92)	1.0 Referent
≥90 mmHg	2 (11)	5 (8)	1.5 (0.26–8.3)
Pulse*
<65 beats per minute	3 (17)	22 (34)	1.0 Referent
>65 to 85 beats per minute	9 (50)	29 (45)	2.3 (0.55–9.4)
≥85 beats per minute	6 (33)	13 (20)	3.4 (0.72–16)
Body mass index
<30 kg/m^2	2 (11)	22 (34)	1.0 Referent
≥30 to 39 kg/m^2	8 (44)	18 (28)	4.9 (0.92–26)
≥39 kg/m^2	6 (33)	17 (27)	3.9 (0.70–22)
Unknown	2 (11)	7 (11)	3.1 (0.37–27)
Systolic Ejection Fraction, %
Severe (<30)	11 (61)	36 (56)	1.0 Referent
Moderate-severe (30–34)	1 (6)	7 (11)	0.47 (0.05–4.2)
Moderate (35–39)	6 (33)	11 (17)	1.8 (0.54–5.9)
Mild-Moderate (40–44)	0 (0)	10 (16)	0.16 (0.0088–3.0)†
Atherosclerotic Heart Disease
No	10 (56)	21 (33)	1.0 Referent
Yes	8 (44)	43 (67)	0.39 (0.14–1.1)
Stroke*
No	16 (89)	58 (91)	1.0 Referent
Yes	2 (11)	6 (9)	1.2 (.22–6.6)
Diabetes mellitus*
No	10 (56)	35 (55)	1.0 Referent
Yes	8 (44)	29 (45)	0.97 (0.34–2.8)
Hypertensiona*
No	5 (28)	21 (33)	1.0 Referent
Yes	13 (72)	43 (67)	1.3 (0.40–4.0)

* Missing values (≤2) were absorbed into the referent groups.

^† Missing cell imputed with 0.5 in order to compute OR and CI.

Table 3 Multivariate analysis of factors associated with methamphetamine use in Native Hawaiians and Pacific Island peoples with moderate to severe heart failure (N = 82)*

Factors	Odds ratio (95% CI)
Age (years)
<40	1.0 Referent
≥40 to 50	0.70 (0.13–3.9)
>50	0.16 (0.03–0.84)
Marital status
Currently married	1.0 Referent
Never married	8.5 (1.5–47)
Divorced or separated	11 (1.8–75)
Widow or widower	5.7 (0.38–87)

* Adjustment for race/ethnicity, sex, education, alcohol use, smoking, atherosclerotic heart disease, stroke, hypertension, and diabetes were not significant confounders to the model.