Effect of conjugated linoleic acid, vitamin E and their combination on lipid profiles and blood pressure of Iranian adults with active rheumatoid arthritis

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic, anthropometric and biological data for the four groups before study (Mean ± SEM)

Variables	Placebo (n = 22)	Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) (n = 22)	Vitamin E (n = 21)	CLAs + vitamin E (n = 22)
Male/Female	3/19	3/19	4/17	5/17
Age (years)	47.95 ± 2.37	46.23 ± 2.79	49.33 ± 2.59	43.77 ± 12.75
Duration of RA(years)	8.89 ± 2.06	9.95 ± 1.79	7.24 ± 1.27	7.64 ± 1.32
BMI (kg/m^2)	28.48 ± 0.84	27.18 ± 0.99	27.14 ± 1.03	25.65 ± 0.85
Vitamin E intake (mg per day)	7.9 ± 0.53188	8.75 ± 0.51723	7.78 ± 0.78260	8.80 ± 0.76936

Note: There were no significant differences between groups by ANOVA or Chi-square.

Abbreviation: BMI, body mass index.

Figure 1 Levels of mean arterial pressure before and after three months’ vitamin E and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis.

Note: *p ≤ 0.05 for CLA group compared with baseline and group P.

Table 2 Levels of lipid profile and blood pressure variables in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis before and after three months supplementation (Mean ± SEM)

Variables		Placebo (n = 22)	Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) (n = 22)	Vitamin E (n = 21)	CLAs + Vitamin E (n = 22)
TG (mg/dl)	before	120.45 ± 11.5	118.45 ± 9.83	120.86 ± 9.34	125.91 ± 9.08
	after	124.91 ± 13.03	130.4 ± 18.32	132.47 ± 15.07	126.18 ± 14.28
CHO (mg/dl)	before	191.32 ± 9.04	187.05 ± 7.94	191.76 ± 10.68	197.68 ± 8.96
	after	198.27 ± 10.56	189.4 ± 9.04	201.76 ± 8.82	193.86 ± 8.92
LDL-C (mg/dl)	before	104.14 ± 5.48e	102.32 ± 4.43	103.43 ± 5.51ª	106.36 ± 6.65
	after	114.86 ± 7.47	107.05 ± 5.00	114.85 ± 6.17	113.50 ± 6.89
HDL-C (mg/dl)	before	49.50 ± 1.94	47.77 ± 2.36	50.38 ± 2.79	47.18 ± 2.31
	after	49.95 ± 2.26	48.36 ± 2.06	51.57 ± 1.89	49.50 ± 2.04
LDL/HDL	before	2.14 ± 0.12f	2.19 ± 0.094	2.12 ± 0.12	2.37 ± 0.19
	after	2.37 ± 0.17	2.33 ± 0.12	2.26 ± 0.12	2.32 ± 0.13
CHO/HDL	before	3.93 ± 0.19	3.99 ± 0.14	3.88 ± 0.19	4.36 ± 0.26c
	after	4.08 ± 0.23	4.03 ± 0.20	3.89 ± 0.19	3.97 ± 0.17

Notes: There were no significant baseline differences between groups by ANOVA. Statistically significant differences between before and after:

a P ≤ 0.05. Statistically non significant differences between before and after:

c P = 0.072. Statistically no significant differences between before and after:

e P =0.086. Statistically no significant differences between before and after:

f P = 0.065.

Abbreviations: CHO, cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; TG, triglycerides.

Figure 2 Levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) before and after three months vitamin E and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis.

Table 3 Levels of blood pressure, oxidative stress variables in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis before and after three months supplementation (Mean ± SEM)

Variables		Placebo (n = 22)	Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) (n = 22)	Vitamin E (n = 21)	CLAs + Vitamin E (n = 22)
Mean blood pressure (mmHg)	Before	90.54 ± 3.03	87.36 ± 2.64ª	86.81 ± 2.73	84.50 ± 2.48
	After	91.89 ± 3.06	80.10 ± 1.93	90.89 ± 3.52	79.71 ± 2.36
Min blood pressure (mmHg)	Before	74.72 ± 3.11	72.36 ± 2.37ª	71.81 ± 2.62	70.32 ± 2.39
	After	75.72 ± 2.78	66.14 ± 1.66	75.24 ± 2.95	65.27 ± 2.37
Max blood pressure (mmHg)†	Before	122.18 ± 3.67	117.36 ± 3.80ª	116.8 ± 3.83	113.32 ± 3.25
	After	124.68 ± 4.19	108.04 ± 3.13	122.2 ± 5.52	108.59 ± 2.97
Aryl esterase activity (IU/ml)	Before	155.05 ± 10.68	159.45 ± 10.12	152.76 ± 8.47	146.77 ± 8.23
	After	147.64 ± 8.02	157.55 ± 11.58	140.14 ± 7.23	148.14 ± 11.51
PGE2	Before	607.91 ± 22.76	623.27 ± 21.87	593.81 ± 23.99	620.04 ± 20.34
	After	607.82 ± 18.08	613.45 ± 92.06	577.47 ± 18.49	605.04 ± 18.53
Serum vitamin E (μg/ml)	Before	4.83 ± 0.81	4.72 ± 0.94a	5.24 ± 0.63b‡	6.64 ± 0.99bψ
	After	5.03 ± 0.79	5.51 ± 0.95	6.63 ± 0.92	7.78 ± 0.98

Notes: There were no significant baseline differences between groups by ANOVA. Statistically significant differences between before and after:

a P ≤ 0.05;

b P ≤ 0.001, after supplementation;

† Group C had significantly lower levels than group P and E (P ≤ 0.05);

‡ E Group had significantly higher levels than P group (P ≤ 0.01).

ψ CE Group had significantly higher levels than P group (P ≤ 0.05).

Abbreviation: PGE2.

Table 4 Levels of FBS, inflammation variables and clinical tests in patients with active RA before and after three months supplementation (Mean ± SEM)

Variables		Placebo (n = 22)	Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) (n = 22)	Vitamin E (n = 21)	CLAs + vitamin E (n = 22)
CRP (mg/l)	Before	6.44 ± 1.68	7.18 ± 2.16	9.06 ± 3.12	5.23 ± 1.37
	After	5.48 ± 1.19	5.46 ± 1.18	4.07 ± 0.99	3.17 ± 0.83
ESR (mm/h)	Before	28.36 ± 4.59	26.81 ± 2.38a	40.43 ± 5.72a	28.45 ± 3.68‡c
	After	27.04 ± 4.04	19.14 ± 2.16	32.28 ± 5.01	17.77 ± 2.60
FBS (mg/dl)	Before	90.18 ± 6.41	78.27 ± 1.95	90.85 ± 8.51	85.68 ± 6.15
	After	85.04 ± 5.46	75.86 ± 1.41	78.05 ± 2.41	81.85 ± 3.14
WBC (/UL)	Before	8587.72 ± 483.94	7728.57 ± 551.24	7724.76 ± 400.36	9280.95 ± 513.42a
	After	7752.95 ± 457.03	8533.33 ± 401.86	10276.2 ± 2373.9	8528.57 ± 491.99
Platelet count (*1000/UL)	Before	269.07 ± 16.55	294.38 ± 12.49	300.57 ± 15.85	294.14 ± 16.95
	After	278.13 ± 13.77	286.09 ± 13.98	279.86 ± 18.34	280.09 ± 14.96
BMI (kg/m^2)	Before	27.92 ± 0.78	26.95 ± 0.94	27.14 ± 1.03	25.65 ± 0.85
	After	28.66 ± 0.84	27.41 ± 4.49	27.97 ± 1.05	25.94 ± 0.76

Notes: There were no significant baseline differences between groups by ANOVA. Statistically significant differences between before and after:

a P ≤ 0.05;

b P ≤ 0.01;

c P ≤ 0.001;

d P = 0.054.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate; FBS, fasting blood sugar; WBC, white blood cells.