Abdominal obesity is associated with microalbuminuria and an elevated cardiovascular risk profile in patients with hypertension

Figures & data

Table 1 Patient characteristics

	Parameter (mean/%)	Total population (n = 20,868)
Demographics	Male (%)	52.3
	Age (years)	62.4
Anthropometric measures	BMI (kg/m^2)	28.9
	WC (cm)	99.4
	WHR	0.95
Risk factors/markers	SBP (mm Hg)	149.1
	Family history of MI/CAD (%)	27.8
	Exercise <4 hours/week (%)	65.1
	Exercise >4 hours/week (%)	35.0
	Moderate (%)	92.5
	Strenuous (%)	7.5
	Never smoked (%)	54.0
	Current smoker (%)	14.2
	No of cigarettes/day	16.3
	Duration since stopped smoking (years)	14.8
	Known dyslipidemia (%)	46.3
	TC ≥ 5.17 mmol/L (%)	52.6
	HDL-C < 1.16 mmol/L (%)	37.2
	TG ≥ 1.69 mmol/L (%)	45.8
	Type 2 diabetes mellitus (%)	27.5
	Length of diabetes (yrs.)	7.9
	HbA1c (%)	6.8
	CRP (mg/dl)	0.9
Comorbidities	Heart failure (%)	5.8
	Atrial fibrillation (%)	8.3
	LVH (Sokol. > 35 mm)(%)	14.4
	CAD (%)	22.9
	History of MI (%)	53.4
	History of myocardial revascularization (% CAD)	57.8
	Ischemic stroke (%)	4.8
	TIA (%)	3.8
	Aortic Aneurysm (%)	1.4
	PAD (%)	4.2
Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy	Thiazides (%)	28.3
	Loop diuretics (%)	8.7
	Aldosterone antagonists (%)	2.7
	CCB (%)	32.7
	BB (%)	43.7
	ACEI (%)	38.5
	ARB (%)	32.6
	AB (%)	3.1
	Statins (%)	38.1
	Fibrates (%)	3.4
	ASA (%)	40.0
	Other antiplatelet drugs (%)	6.4
	Warfarin/Coumadin (%)	5.0
	Digitalis (%)	3.0
	Oral nitrates (%)	6.8
	Antiarrhythmics (%)	3.4
	≥1 Diabetes drug (%)	19.8

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; HbA_1c, glycated hemogobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; MI, myocardial infarction; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio.

Table 2 Patient characteristics by BMi tertial and Wc tertial (high vs low) in overweight patients (BMi 25–30 kg/m²)

	Parameter (mean/%)	BMI (kg/m^2)			BMI 25–30 kg/m^2
		1st tertial (N = 6948)	2nd tertial (N = 6969)	3rd tertial (N = 6951)	WC 1st tertial (N = 3090)	WC 3rd terital (N = 2169)
Demographics	Male (%)	49.9	57.8	49.0	35.3	77.3
	Age (years)	63.2	62.7	61.4	61.6	64.1
Anthropometr measures	BMI (kg/m^2)	23.9	28.2	34.6	27.0	28.1
	WC (cm)	88.7	99.0	110.6	87.3	110.0
Risk factors/markers	SBP (mm Hg)	147.8	148.7	151.1	147.9	149.4
	Family history of MI/CAD (%)	24.9	28.3	30.3	27.2	29.6
	Exercise >4 hours/week (%)	40.0	34.7	25.8	36.5	33.9
	Known dyslipidemia (%)	41.8	48.1	49.4	44.6	48.0
	TC ≥ 5.17 mmol/L (%)	50.7	52.3	55.0	54.4	51.5
	HDL-C < 1.16 mmol/L (%)	317	39.0	40.6	31.6	44.9
	TG ≥ 1.69 mmol/L (%)	38.8	45.5	52.8	41.4	50.4
	Type 2 diabetes mellitus (%)	16.1	21.5	31.2	16.6	23.2
Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy	Thiazides (%)	25.9	27.9	30.9	27.5	27.0
	Aldosterone antagonists (%)	2.5	2.2	3.4	2.1	2.7
	CCBs (%)	32.2	31.8	34.0	31.4	31.4
	BBs (%)	41.8	43.6	45.6	43.2	44.8
	ACEs (%)	36.3	38.4	40.8	33.9	41.2
	ARBs (%)	30.6	33.2	34.0	34.6	32.8
	ABs (%)	2.7	2.8	3.8	2.5	3.5
	Statins (%)	34.9	39.1	40.2	35.4	40.9

Abbreviations: Abs, alpha blockers; ACEs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers; BBs, beta blockers; BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; CCBs, calcium channel blockers; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; MI, myocardial infarction; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; WC, waist circumference.

Figure 1 Prevalence of MAU in relation to BMI.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; MAU, microalbuminuria.

Figure 2 Prevalence of MAU in relation to WC.

Abbreviations: MAU, microalbuminuria; WC, waist circumference.

Figure 3 Prevalence of MAU in relation to BMI & WC tertials.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; MAU, microalbuminuria; WC, waist circumference.

Figure 4a Odds ratio for MAU for BMI, WC and BMI & WC (Univariate analysis).

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; MAU, microalbuminuria; OR, odds ratio; WC, waist circumference.

Figure 4b Odds ratio for MAU for BMI & WC (Multivariate analysis).

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; MAU, microalbuminuria; OR, odds ratio; WC, waist circumference.